Lecture 2 — Faith working by charity

^5:5^ For we in spirit, by faith, wait for the hope of justice. [n. 284]

^5:6^ For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision avails anything: but faith that works by charity. [n. 286]

^5:7^ You did run well. What has hindered you, that you should not obey the truth? [n. 288]

^5:8^ This persuasion is not from him who calls you. [n. 290]

^5:9^ A little leaven corrupts the whole lump.

^5:10^ I have confidence in you in the Lord, that you will not be of another mind: but he who troubles you shall bear the judgment, whoever he is. [n. 292]

^5:11^ And I, brethren, if I yet preach circumcision, why do I yet suffer persecution? Then is the scandal of the cross made void. [n. 294]

^5:12^ Would that even those who trouble you were cut off. [n. 297]

284. Having explained the second point, namely, that they must not submit to the yoke of serving the law, the Apostle here returns to the first and shows that they must stand fast.

First, he gives an example of standing fast;

second, he removes an obstacle to standing fast, at you did run well;

third, he tells them the cause for standing fast, at for you, brethren, have been called unto liberty (Gal 5:13).

As to the first, he does two things:

first, he proposes an example of standing fast;

second, he assigns its cause, at for in Christ Jesus.

285. He says therefore: those who want to be justified in the law, Christ profits them nothing, because they are fallen from grace. But we, namely, the apostles, stand through hope, because we** wait for the hope of justice**, i.e., for justice and hope, namely, eternal happiness: he has regenerated us unto a lively hope by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead (1 Pet 1:3). Or, the hope of justice, i.e., Christ, by whom we have a hope for justice, because we are justified by him: we look for the Savior, our Lord Jesus Christ (Phil 3:20); who of God is made unto us wisdom and justice and sanctification and redemption (1 Cor 1:30). Or, the hope of justice, i.e., the hope which is concerned with justice; that we be justified not by the law but by faith: we account a man to be justified by faith without the works of the law (Rom 3:28). Or, the hope of justice, i.e., the things we hope for, and unto which justice tends, namely, eternal life: as to the rest, there is laid up for me a crown of justice which the Lord, the just judge, will render to me in that day (2 Tim 4:8).

And this **by faith, because the justice of God is by the faith of Jesus Christ (Rom 3:22). Which faith is not of man but of the Holy Spirit who inspires it. You have received the Spirit of adoption of sons, whereby we cry: Abba, Father (Rom 8:15).

Therefore, as faith is from the Spirit, so from faith is hope, and from hope the justice through which we reach eternal life.

286. However, this hope does not come from circumcision or from paganism, because these contribute nothing to it. Hence he says, for in Christ Jesus, i.e., in those who live in the faith of Christ, neither circumcision nor uncircumcision avails anything, i.e., they make no difference; but faith, not unformed, but the kind that works by charity: faith without works is dead (Jas 2:26). For faith is a knowledge of the Word of God—that Christ may dwell by faith in your hearts (Eph 3:17)—which Word is not perfectly possessed or perfectly known unless the love which it hopes for is possessed.

287. Here a Gloss raises two problems. The first is that he says circumcision and uncircumcision to be indifferent, whereas above he had said, if you be circumcised, Christ will profit you nothing.

I answer that it is from the general nature of the work that they are indifferent, namely, to those who do not put any trust in them; however, they are not indifferent if you consider the intention of the one acting. For they are deadly to those who put their trust in them.

The second problem concerns his saying that those who do not believe are worse than demons, for the demons believe and tremble.

I answer that if you consider the nature of the work, they are worse; but not if you consider the will. For the demons are displeased by the fact of their believing; furthermore, there is not as much malice in the will of a man who does not believe as there is in the demon who hates what he believes.

288. Then when he says, you did run well, he deals with the obstacle to standing fast.

First, he mentions the obstacle;

second, he teaches its removal.

289. The obstacle to their standing fast was great and harmful, for the harmfulness of anything is reckoned according to the greater good it hinders. Therefore, when someone is kept from many spiritual goods, it is an indication that he is faced with a great obstacle. Accordingly, in order to show them that they have a great obstacle, he reminds them of the spiritual goods they have lost, when he says: you did run well, namely, by means of the works of faith formed by charity, which incites one to run: I have run the way of your commandments, when you enlarged my heart (Ps 119:32).

And this did indeed apply to you formerly; but while you were thus running, you came upon an obstacle. Therefore he says: who has bewitched you? (Gal 3:1) This has been discussed already in chapter three; hence we pass over it now.

Therefore, who has bewitched you, i.e., hindered you, that you should not obey the truth, namely, of the Gospel? This is appropriately said: for obedience is the application of the will to the edict of the one who commands. That is why faith is a science of the will and of the understanding. It is suitable, therefore, for the will to obey the faith. But this is done by willing to believe that the grace of Christ is sufficient for salvation without the legal observances.

290. Then when he says, consent to no one, he removes the obstacle.

First, on their part;

second, on God’s part, at I have confidence;

third, on the Apostle’s part, at and I, brethren.

291. On their part when he says, consent to no one. Herein he shows what is required on their part to overcome this obstacle, namely, that henceforth they not give their consent to any deceiver: we are not of the night nor of the darkness; therefore, let us not sleep (1 Thess 5:5); have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness but rather reprove them (Eph 5:11); and their speech spreads like a canker (2 Tim 2:17). From this it can be gathered that they were not yet corrupted, but he was concerned.

Second, he gives an explanation of this, when he says, this persuasion is not from him who calls you, and it is twofold. First, because a man, when he gives himself to someone, ought to do nothing save what is of advantage to the latter. But you have been given to Christ. Therefore, you should not heed or consent to anyone but those who come from him. Hence because this persuasion, by which they wish to set you under the yoke of the law, is not from him, i.e., from God, who calls you to life, but from the devil, for it is degrading, you should not consent to them. Or, not from him, i.e., against him. The second explanation is that they might suppose that consenting to a few is not a great matter, since it constitutes no danger. But he says that they must not consent to them at all, nor underestimate their artifices; rather they must oppose them at the start, because a little leaven corrupts the whole lump, i.e., those few who are persuading you. Or, this persuasion small in the beginning corrupts the whole lump, i.e., the congregation of the faithful: neither shall any leaven or honey be burnt in the sacrifice to the Lord (Lev 2:11).

292. Then when he says, I have confidence in you in the Lord, that you will not be of another mind, he removes the obstacle on the part of God who offers his help to this end. And he mentions a twofold help: one as to the deceivers; the other as to the trouble makers.

He says therefore, I have confidence in you in the Lord, that you will not be of another mind. As if to say: I have told you not to obey the deceivers and I have confidence in you: I rejoice that in all things I have confidence in you (2 Cor 7:16); but, dearly beloved, we trust better things of you, and nearer to salvation (Heb 6:9). I have confidence, I say, in this, namely, that you will not be of another mind than what I have taught you—but though we,** or an angel from heaven, preach a gospel to you besides that which we have preached to you, let him be anathema** (Gal 1:8); fulfill my joy, that you be of one mind (Phil 2:2)—and this with God’s help. Hence he says, in the Lord God working: and such confidence we have through Christ towards God (2 Cor 3:4), because the Lord will give you a mind according with the standard of the Catholic Faith: it is good to have confidence in the Lord rather than to have confidence in a man (Ps 117:8).

As to the trouble makers, he says, he who troubles you shall bear the judgment, whoever he is, i.e., he that perverts you from right order so as to be turned from spiritual to corporeal things, whereas it should be the contrary: yet that was not first which was spiritual, but that which is natural; afterwards that which is spiritual (1 Cor 15:46). And since order is thus perverted, as it was said above: are you so foolish that, whereas you began by the Spirit, now you would be made perfect by the flesh? (Gal 3:3), therefore, he shall bear the judgment, i.e., he will undergo damnation. For as one who urges another to good is rewarded—they that instruct many to justice shall shine as stars for all eternity (Dan 12:3)—so one who urges another to evil is condemned: because you have troubled us, may the Lord trouble you this day (Jos 7:25); cursed be he that makes the blind to wander out of his way (Deut 27:18). And this, whoever he is, i.e., whatever his dignity, he will not be spared.

293. But Porphyry and Julian censure Paul for presumption, and assert that in saying this he defames Peter (since he wrote above that he withstood him to his face) so that the meaning would be: whoever he is, i.e., even if it is Peter, he would be punished.

But as Augustine says, one should not believe that Paul was calling down a curse on the Prince of the Church—for it is written in Exodus: you shall not curse the prince of your people (Exod 22:28)—or that Peter committed an offense worthy of damnation. Therefore the Apostle is speaking of someone else who, coming from Judea, claimed to be a disciple of the important apostles and with that authority he and other false teachers were subverting the Galatians, **because of false brethren brought in unawares **(Gal 2:4).

294. Then when he says, and I, brethren, he removes the obstacle on his part.

First, he presents his defense;

second, he rebukes his slanderers, at would that even those who trouble you.

He refutes the false charge against him:

first, a charge that pertains to himself alone;

second, one that pertains to all, at then is the scandal of the cross.

295. With respect to the first, it should be noted that the false brethren, when the Galatians excused themselves from observing the legal ceremonies because they had been so taught by the Apostle, declared that the Apostle misled them and that he persuaded them to this in order to lord it over them. As confirmation of this they alleged that when he preached in Judea, Paul taught that the legal ceremonies should be observed.

But the Apostle clears himself of this, when he says, and I, brethren, if I yet preach circumcision, why do I yet suffer persecution from the Jews? We are persecuted and we suffer it (1 Cor 4:12). For the Jews persecuted Paul precisely because he taught that the legal ceremonies should not be observed. Indeed, in Acts, James says to Paul: they have heard of you that you teach those Jews who are among the gentiles to depart from Moses; saying that they ought not to circumcise their children nor walk according to custom (Acts 21:21). It is plain, therefore, that their charge is not true; otherwise, he would not have suffered their persecutions.

296. False, too, is that which they impute to me because of something generally held by others; because if I preach circumcision, then is the scandal of the cross made void. For not only I but all the apostles preach Christ crucified, to the Jews indeed a stumbling-block and unto the gentiles, foolishness (1 Cor 1:23). And the main reason why they are scandalized is because we preach that through the cross of Christ the legal ceremonies are made void. Therefore, if I preach circumcision, the scandal of the cross is made void, i.e., there will no longer be a stumbling-block for the Jews from the cross. For they would endure it patiently; indeed, they would welcome it, if along with the cross we preached the obligation to observe the legal ceremonies.

Or, according to Augustine on this passage: the scandal of the cross is made void, i.e., the cross is made void; which is a scandal. As if to say: the cross has lost its effect and its power: if justice be by the law, then Christ died in vain (Gal 2:21).

Now the Apostle specifically says, the scandal of the cross is made void, to denote that the reason the Jews killed Christ was because he did not observe the legal ceremonies and taught that they were not to be observed: this man is not of God who does not keep the sabbath (John 9:16).

297. Then he rebukes the false brethren who had slandered him, saying, would that even those who trouble you were cut off. As if to say: they trouble you on one matter, namely, they want you to be circumcised; but I wish that they be not only circumcised but wholly emasculated.

But this is contrary to Romans: bless, and curse not (Rom 12:14).

To this there are two responses: first, that the Apostle was not calling down an evil on them but rather a blessing; because he was wishing them to be emasculated spiritually, i.e., abolish the legal ceremonies, that they might preserve spiritual chastity: there are eunuchs who have made themselves such for the kingdom of heaven (Matt 19:12).

The second is that he is wishing them the impotence that eunuchs have, so that they might not procreate. Hence he says: would that even those who trouble you were cut off, i.e., that they lose the power of engendering among you and others. And this deservedly, because they engender sons unto error and subject them to the bondage of the law: give them a womb without children, and dry breasts (Hos 9:14).