Of their iourneyenge or trauaylynge a brode, with dyuers other matters cunnyngly reasoned & wittilie discussed

BVt if any be desierous to vysite other their fryndes that dwel in an other Cytie, or to se[…] the place it selfe: they easelye obteyne lycence of their Siphograuntes and Tranibores, oneles there bee som profitable let. No mau goeth out alone but a companye is sente furth to gether with their princes letters, whiche do testifie that they haue licence to g[…] that iorney, and prescribeth also the day of their retourne. They haue a wageyn geuen them, with a cōmon bondman whiche driueth the oxen & taketh charge of thē. But onles they haue wome[…] in their company they sende home the wageyn againe, as an impediment and a let. And though they carrye nothyng furth wit thē, yet in all their iorney they lacke nothing. For whersoeuer they come they be at home. If they tary in a place longer then one day, thā there euery one of them falleth to his own occupation, & be very gentilly enterteined of the workmen & companies of thesame craftes. If any man of his owne head & without leaue, walke out of his precinct & boūdes, takē without the princes lettres, he is brought again for a fugitiue or a runaway with great shame & rebuke, & is shapely punished. If he be taken in that faulte agayne he is punished with bondage. If anye be desierous to walke a brode into the fieldes, or into the cōtrey that belongeth to the same citie that he dwelleth in, obteynyng the good will of his father, & the cōsent of his wife, he is not prohibited▪ But into what part of y• cōtrey soeuer he cūmeth, he hath no meat geuin him vntill he haue wrought out his fore[…]o […]es taske, or els dispatched so muche worke as […]here is wonte to be wrought befor supper. Obseruing this lawe and condition, he may go whether he well within the boundes of his owne citie. For he shalbe no les profitable to the citie, thē if he were within it. Now you see howe litle libertie they haue to loyter, how they can haue no cloke or pretence to ydelnes. There be nether wyn tauernes nor ale houses, nor stewes, nor any occasion of vice or wickednes, no lurking corners, no places of wicked coūcelles or vnlawfull assembles. But they be in y• present sight, & vnder the iyes of euery man. So that of necessitie they must other applie their accustomed labours, or els recreate thēselfes with houest & laudable pastymes. This fassion being vsed amōg the people, they must of necessitie haue store & plētie of all thinges. And seing they be al therof parteners equally, therfore cane no man there be poore or nedye. In the councel of Amanrot (whether, as I sayde, euery citie sendeth.iij. mē a pece yearly) assone as it is perfectly knowē of what thyuges there is in euery place plentie, and agayne what thynges be s[…]a[…]t in anye place: incontinent the lacke of the one is performed and fylled vp with the aboundaunce of the other. And this they doo frelye without any benifite, takyng nothing agayn of thē to whō the thinges is geuē, but those cyties that haue geuen of their store to anye other cytie that lacketh, reguyrynge nothynge agayne of thesame cytie, do take suche thinges as they lacke of an other cytie, to whome they gaue nothynge. So the hole Ilande is as it were one famelie, or housholde. But when they haue made sufficiente prouision of stoore for them selfes (whiche they thynke not doone vntyll they haue prouyded for two yeared followynge, bicause of the vncortentie of the nexte yeares proffe) then of those thynges wherof they haue abundaunce they carry furth[…] into other contr[…]is greate plenty as grayne, honnye, wulle, flaxe, woode, madder, purpledie felles, waxe, tallowe, lether, and liuyng beastes. And the seuenth part of all thies thynges they gyue franckely and frelye to the poore of that cōtrey. The resydewe they fell at a reasonable and meane price. By this trade of traffique or marchādise, they bring into their own cōtrey, not only great plētie of golde and siluer, but also all suche thynges as they lacke at home, whych is almoste nothynge but Iron. And by reason they haue longe vsed thys trade nowe they haue more abundaunce of thies thynges then any man wyll beleue. Nowe therfore they care not whether they sell for reddye moneye: or els vpon truste to be paide at a daye and to haue the most part in debtes. But in so doy[…]g they neuer followe the credence of pryuat men: but the assur[…]aunce or warrauntrse of the hole citye, by instrumentes and writinges made in that behalfe accordinglye. When the daye of paymente is come and expyred, the cytye gathereth vp the debte of the priuate dettours, and putteth it into the common boxe, and so long hath the vse and proffytte of it, vntyll the vtopians their creditours demaunde it. The mooste parte of it they neuer aske. For that thynge whyche is to them no proffyte to take it from other to whom it is proffytable: they thinke it no righte nor cō science. But yf the case so stande that they must lende parte of that money to an other people, then they requy[…] theyre debte: or when they haue warre. For the whyche purpose onelye they keap at home al y• treasure, whi[…]h they haue, to be holpen and so coured by yt other in extreame ieopardyes, or in suddeyne daungers. But especyallye and chieflye to hiere therwyth and that for vnreasonable greate wayges straunge foldyours. For they hadde rather put str[…]ungers in ieopardye then theyr[…] owne contreye men: knowinge that for mon[…]ye enoughe theire enemyes themselfes manye tymes maye be bowghte and solde, or els throughe treason be sette togethers by the eares emonge themselfes. For thys cause they kype an inestymable treasure. But yet not as a treasure: but so they haue yt, & vse yt, as in good faythe I am ashamede to shewe: fearynge that my w[…]ordes shal not be beleued. And thys I haue more cause to feare, for that I knowe howe […]yff[…]cultlye and hardelye I meselfe wolde haue beleued an othere man tellynge the same, yf I hadde not presentlye seene yt wyth my[…]e owne iyes. For yt muste nedes be, that howe farre a thing is dissonaunt and disagre inge from the guyse and trade of the hearers, so farre shall yt be owte of theyr beleffe. Howe be yt a wyse and in dyfferente estymer of thynges wyll not greatly marueil perchaūce, seing al theyre other lawes and customes doo so muche dyfferre from owres, yf the vse also of golde and syluer amonge them be applyed, rather to theyr owne fassyons then to owers. I meane in that they occupye not moneye themselfes, but kepe yt for that chaunce, whyche as yt maye happen, so yt maye be that yt shall neuer come to passe. In the meane tyme golde and sylue[…], whereof moneye ys made they doo soo vse, as none of them dothe more estyme yt, then the verye nature of the thynge deseruethe. And then who dothe not playnlye see howe farre yt ys vnder Iron: as wythoute the whyche men canne no better lyue them wythowte fyere and water. Whereas to golde and syluer nature hathe geuen no vse, that ws may not wel lacke: yf that the folly of men hadde not sette it in hygher estym[…]cyon for the rare […]s sake. But of the contrary parte, nature as a moste tender and louynge mother, hath placed the beste and moste […] cessarye thynges open a brode: as the ayere, the water, and the earth it selfe. And hath remoued and hydde farthest from vs vayne and vnprofytable thynges. Therfore yf thies metalles amōg them shoulde be fast locked vp in some tower, it myghte be suspected that the pryu[…] and the cow[…]cell, as the people is euer foolyshelye ymagininge) i[…]tended by some subtyltye to deceaue the commons, and to take some proffette of […] to themselfes. Furthermore if they should make therof plat & such other f[…] nely & cunningly wrought stuffe: yf at anye tyme they shoulde haue occasyon to breake it, and melte it agayne, and therwyth to paye their souldiours w[…] ges they see and perceiue very well that men wolde be lothe to parte from those thynges that they o[…]s begome to haue pleasure and delytein. To remedye all thys they haue fownde owt a meanes, which as it is agreable to al their other lawes and customes, so it is from ours where golde is so muche set by, and so delygently kepte, very farre discrepant and repugnaunt: and therfore vncred[…] ble, but only to them that be wise. For where as they eate and drincke in earthen and glasse vesselles, which in dede be curiously and properlie made, and yet be of very small value: of gold and siluer they make commonlye chamber pottes and other like vesselles, that serue for moste vile vses, not only in their common halles, but in euery mans priuate house. Furthermore of thesame mettalles they make greate cheynes with fetters and giues wherin they tye their bondmen. Finally who so euer for any offence be infamed, by their eares hange ringes of golde: vpon their fingers they were ringes of golde, and about their neckes chaynes of gold: and in conclusiō their heades be tiede about with golde. Thus by all meanes that may be they procure to haue gold and siluer emong them in reproche and infamy. And therfore thies […]etalles, which other nations do as greuously and sorroufully forgo, as in a maner frō their owne liues: if they should all togethers at ones be taken from the vtopians, no man there wold thinke that he had lost the worth of one farthing. They gather also peerles by the sea side, & Diamondes and Carbūcles vpō certein rockes, and yet they seke not for them: but by chaunce finding them they cutt and polish thē. And therwith they decke their yonge infanntes. Which like as in the first yeares of their childhod they make much and be fond and proud of such orname[…]tes, so when they be a litle more growen in yeares and discretion, perceiuing that none but children do were such toies and trifeles: they lay them awaye euen of theyre owne shame fastenes wythowte annye biddyng of there parentes: euen as oure chyldren when they waxe bygge doo caste awaye nuttes, brouches, and puppettes. Therfore thyes lawes and customes whych be so farre dyfferente from all othere natyons, howe diuers fanseys also and myndes they doo cause, dydde I neuer so playnlye perceaue, as in the Ambassadoures of the Anemolians. Thyes Ambassadoures came to Amaurote whyles I was there. And bycause they came to entreat of greate & weighty matters, those.iij. citizeins a pece out of euery city were commen thether before thē. But al the Ambassadours of y• next contreis, which had bene there be […]ore, and knewe the fassions & maners of the Vtopians, amonge whome they perceaued no honoure geuen to sumptuous aud costelye apparrell, silkes to be contemned, golde also to be enfamed and reprochefull, were wont to come thether in very homely and simple a […] parrell. But the Anemolianes bicause they dwell farre thence, and had verye litle acquaintaunce with thē: hearinge that they were al apparelled a like, and that verye rudelye and homelye: thynkynge them not to haue the thynges whyche they dydde not weare: beynge therefore more proud then wise: determined in the gorgiousnes of their apparel to represent very goddes, and wyth the bright shynynge and glisteringe of their gaye clothinge to dasell the eyes of the silie poore vtopains. So ther came in.iij. Ambassadours wt.C. seruauntes all apparelled in chaungeable colours: the moost of them in silkes: the Ambassadours themselfes (for at home in their owne coūtrey they were noble mē) in cloth of gold w̄ […] great cheiues of gold▪ w̄ […] gold hāging at their eares with gold, ringes vpō their fingers in brouches & aglettes of gold vpon their cappes, which glistered ful of peerles & pretious stones: to be short tr[…]med, & aduorned with al those thinges, which emōg the vtopians were other the punnishement of bond men, or the reproche of in famed persones, or elles trifels for yonge children to playe with all. Therfore it wolde haue done a man good at his harte to haue sene howe proudelye they displeyed theire pecockes fethers howe muche they made of their paynted sheathes, and howe loftely they sett forth aud aduaunced them selfes, when they compared their gallaunte apparrell with the poore rayment of the vtopiās. For al the people were swarmed furth into the stretes. And on the other side it was no lesse pleasure to consider howe muche they were deceaued, and how farre they missed of their purpose: being contrary wayes taken then they thought they shoulde haue bene, for to the iyes of all the vtopians, excepte very fewe, whiche had bene in other contreys for some resonable cause, al that gorgeousnes of apparrel semed shamefull and reprochefull. In so much that they most reuerently saluted the vylest▪ and most abiect of them for lordes: passing ouer the Ambassadours themselfes without any honour: iudging them be their wearing of golden cheynes to be bondeme. […]Yea you shuld haue sene children also that had caste away their peerles and pretious stones, whē they sawe the like sticking vpon the Ambassadours cappes: digge and pushe their mothers vnder the sides sayinge thus to them. Loke mother how great a lubbor doth yet were peerles and pretious stoones, as […]hough he were a litel child still. But the mother, yea and that also in good earnest: peace sone saith she: I thynk he be some of the Ambassadou[…]s fooles. Some fownde fawte at theire golden cheynes as to no vse nor purpose: beynge to small and weake, that a bondeman myghte easelye breake them, and agayne so wyde and large that when it pleased him he myght cast them of, and runne awaye at lybertye whether he wolde. But when the Ambassadoures hadde bene there a daye or.ij. and sawe so greate abundaunce of gold so lyghtelye estymed, yea in no lesse reproche then yt was wyth them in honour: and besydes that, more golde in the cheynes and gyues of one fugytyue bondeman, then all the costelye ornamentes of them.iij. was worth: they beganne to abate theyre currage, and for verye shame layde awaye all that gorgyouse arraye wherof theye were so prowde. And specyallye when they hadde talkede famylyerlye wyth the Vtopyans, and hadde learnede all theyre fassyons and opynyo[…]s. For they marueyle that annye men be soo folyshe as to haue delyte and pleasure in the glysterynge of a lytyll tryfelynge stone, whyche maye beholde annye of the starres, or elles the soone yt selfe. Or that annye man ys so madde as to cou[…]te him selfe the nobler for the smaller or fyner threde of wolle, whyche selfe samewoll (be it nowe i[…] neuere so fyne a sponne threde) dyde ones a […]hepe weare: a[…]d yet was she all that time no other thing then a shepe. They marueyle al[…]o that golde; whyche of the owne nature is a thynge so vnprofytable, is nowe emonge all people in soo hyghe estymatyon, that man hym selfe, by whō, yea and for the vse of whome yt ys so muche sett by; ys in muche lesse estymatyon then the golde yt selfe. In so muche that a lumpyshe blockehedded churle▪ and whyche hathe no more wytte then an asse, yea and as full of noughtenes and folyshenes, shall haue neuertheles many wyse and good men in subiectyon and bondage, onlye for thys, bycause he hathe a greate heape of golde. Whyche yf yt should be taken from hyme by annye fortune▪ or by some subtyll wyle of the lawe▪ (which no lesse then fortune doth raise vp the lowe, and plucke downe the high) and be geuē to the most vile slaue and abiect dreuell of all his housholde, then shortely after he shall goo into the seruice of his seruaunt, as an augmentation or an ouerplus besyd his money. But they much more marueill at and detest the madeues of them, whyche to those riche men, in whose debte and daunger they be not, do giue almoste diuine honowres, […]or […]on other consideration, but bicause they be riche: and yet knowing them to be suche nigeshepenuy fathers, that they be sure as lōg as they liue, not the worthe of one farthinge of that heape of gold shall come to them. Thies and such like opinions haue they conceaued, partely by education, beinge brought vp in that commō wealth, whose lawes and customes be farre different from thies kindes of folly, and partely by good litterature and learning. For though ther be not many in euery citye, whiche be exempte and discharged of all other laboures and appointed only to learninge, that is to saye: suche in whome euen from theire very childhode they haue perceaued a singuler to wardnes, a […]yne witte, and a minde apte to good learning: yet all in their childhode be instructe in learninge. And the better parte of the people bothe men and women throughe owte all theire hole lyffe doo bestowe in learninge those spare howres, which we sayde they haue vaca[…]te from bodelye laboures. They be taughte learninge in theire owne natyue tonge. For yt is bothe copious in woordes, and also pleasaunte to the eare: and for the vtteraunce of a mans minde verye perfecte and sure. The mooste parte of all that syde of the wordle vseth the same la[…]gage, sauinge that amonge the Vtopians yt is fyneste and puryste, and accordynge to the dyuersytye of the contreys yt ys dyuerslye alterede. Of all thyes Philosophers, whose names be here famous in thys parte of the wordle to vs knowen, before owre cummynge thether nott as muche as the fame of annye of them was comen amonge them, and yett in Musycke, Logycke, Arythmetyke, and […] they haue fownde owte in a manner all that oure auncyente Philosophers haue […]awghte. But as they in all thynges be almoste equall to our olde auncyente clerkes, so our newe Logiciens in subtyll inuen[…]yons haue farre passed and gone beyonde them. For they haue not deuysed one of all those rules of restryctyons, amplyfy catyons and supposytyons, very wittelye inuented in the small Logycalles, whyche heare oure chyldren in euerye place do learne. Furthermore they were neuer yet able to fynde out the seconde in[…]entyons: in so muche that none of them all coulde euer see man hymselfe in commen, as they call hym, thoughe he be (as yow knowe) bygger then euer was annye gyaunte, yea a[…]d poynted to of vs euen wyth our fynger. But they be in the course of the starres, and the mouynges of the heauenlye spheres verye expert and cunnynge. They haue also wyttelye excogytated and diuised instrumentes of […]iuers fassyons: wherin is exactly comprehended and conteyned the mouynges and sytuatyons of the sonne, the moone, & of all the other starres which appere in theyre horyzon. But as for the amityes and dissentyons of the planettes, and all that deceytefull diuynatyon by the starres, they neuer asmuch as dreamed therof. Raynes, windes, & other courses of tempestes they knowe before by certein tokens which they haue learned by long vse and obseruatiō. But of the causes of all thies thinges, & of the ebbinge, flowinge, and […]altenes of the sea, and fynallye of the orygynall begynnyng and nature of heauen and of the wordle, they holde partelye the same opynyons that our olde philosophers holde, and partelye as our philosophers varye emonge themselfes, so they also whiles they bringe new reasons of thynges doo disagree from all them, and yet emonge themselfes in all poyntes they doo not accorde. In that part of philosophie which intreateth of manners and vertue theire reasons and opyuyons agree wyth ours. They dyspute of the good qualytyes of the […]ye, shall haue no rewarde after hy[…] death? But now syr they thynke not felicitie to reste in all pleasure, but o[…]lye in that pleasure that is good & honest, and that hereto as to perfet blessednes our nature is allured and drawen euen of vertue, wherto only they that be of the contrary opinion do attribute felici […]ie. For they define vertue to be a life ordered according to nature, and that we […]e hereunto ordeined of god. And that he doth followe the course of nature, which in desiering and refusyng thynges is ruled by reason. Furthermore that reason doth chiefelie and pryncipallye kendle in men the loue and ve […]eration of the deuyne maiestie. Of whoes goodnes it is that we be, and that we be inpossibilitie to attayne felicite. And that secondarely it moueth and prouoketh vs to leade our lyfe out of care in ioye and myrth, and to helpe all other in respecte of the sosiete or nature to obteyne thesame. For there was neuer man so earnest and paynefull a follower of vertue, and hate[…] of pleasure, that woulde so inioyne you laboures watchinges & fastinges, but he would also exhort you to ease & lighten to your powre, the lacke & myserye of others praysyng the same as a dede of humanitie and pitie. Then if it be a poynte of humanitie for man to bryng health and comforte to man and speciallye (whiche is a vertue moste peculiarlye belongynge to man) tomitigate and assuage the grief of others, and by takyng from them the sorowe and heuynes of lyfe, to restore them to ioye, that is to saye to pleasure: whye maye it not then be sayd that nature doth provoke euerye man to doo thesame to hymselfe? For a ioyfull lyfe, that is to saye, a pleasaunt lyfe is other euell: and if it be so, then thou shouldest not onlye helpe no man therto, but rather as muche as in the lieth helpe all men from it as noysome and h[…]rtefull, or els if thou not onlye mayste, but also of dewtie art bounde to procure it to others, why not chiefely to theself? To whome thou art bound to shewe asmuche fauour as to other. For whē natu[…] biddeth the to be good & gētle to other, […]he commaundeth the not to be cruell and vngentle to the selfe. Therfore euē very nature (saye they) prescribith to vs a ioyfull lyfe, that is to saye, pleasure as the ende of all our operations. And they defy[…]e vertue to be lyfe ordered accordy[…]g to the prescrypt of nature. But in that that nature dothe allure and prouoke […] one to healpe another to lyue merilye (whiche suerlye […]he doth not without a good cause: for no man is so farre aboue the lot of mans state or condicion that nature doth carke and care for hym only whiche equallye fauoureth all that be comprehended vnder the cōmunion of one shape forme and fassion) verely she cō maundeth the to vse diligent circumspection that thou do not so seke for thine owne cōmodities, y• thou procure others incōmodities. Wherfore their opinion is that not onlye couenauntes and bargaynes made amonge priuate men ought to be well and faythfullye fulfylled obserued and kept, but also commen lawes, whiche other a good prince hath iustly publyshed, or els the people nother oppressed with […], nother deceaued by fraude and gyell, hath by their common consent constitute and ratifyed, concernyng the particion of the commodities of lyfe, that is to say the matter of pleasure. Thies lawes not offendid, it is wysdome that thou looke to thyne own wealthe. And to do thesame for the common wealth is no lesse then thy duetie, if thou bearest any reuerent loue or any naturall zeale and affection to thy natiue contrey. But to go about to let an other man of his pleasure whiles thou procurest thyne owne, that is open wrōg. Contrary wyse to withdrawe somethynge from they selfe to geue to other that is a pointe of humanitie and ge[…] tyl[…]es: whiche neuer taketh a waye so muche commoditie, as it bryngeth agayne. For it is recompensed with the retourne of benefytes, and the consciē ce of the good dede with the remembraunce of the thankefull loue and be […]euolence of them to whom thou hast done it, doth brynge more pleasure to thy mynde, then that whiche thou hast withholden from thy selfe could haue brought to the bodye. Finallye (which to a godly disposed & a religious mind is easie to be persuaded) God recompenseth the gifte of a short & small pleasure with great and euerlastinge ioye. Therfore the matter diligentlie wayde and considered, thus they thinke, that all our actions and in thē the vertues thēselfes be referred at the last to pleasure▪ as their ende & felicitie. Pleasure they call euery motion and state of the bodie or mynde, wherin mā hath naturally delectatiō. Appetite they ioyne to nature. And that not without a good cause. For like as not only the […]enses▪ but also right reason coueteth whatsoeuer is naturally pleasaunt, so y• it may be gotten without wrōg or iniurie, not letting or debarring a greater pleasur, nor causing painful labour, euē so those thinges that mē by vai[…]e ymagination do fayne against nature to be pleasaunt (as though it lay in their powre to chaunge y• thinges as they do y• names of thinges) al suche pleasurs they beleue to be o[…] so small helpe & furtheraunce to felicitie, that they counte thē great let and hinderaūce. Because that in whom they haue ones taken place, all his mynde they possesse with a false opinion of pleasure. So that there is no place left for true and naturall delectacions. For there be manye thynges, whiche of their owne nature conteyne no plesauntnes: yea the moste part of them muche grief and sorrow. And yet through the peruerse and malicious flickering inticemētes, of lewde and vnho[…]este desyres, be takeen not only for speciall & souereigne pleasures, but also be counted amonge the chiefe causes of life. In this coūterfeat kinde of pleasure they put thē that I speake of before. Which the better gown they haue on the better men they thynke thē selfes. In the whiche thynge they doo twyse erre. For they be no lesse deceaued in that they thynke their gowne the better, than they be in that they thinke themselfes the better. For if you consider the profitable vse of the garmente, whye shoulde wulle of a fyner s[…]onne threde, be thoughe better, then the w[…]l of a course sponne threde? Yet they as though the one dyd passe the other by nature, and not by their mistakyng, auaunce themselfes and thinke the price of their owne persones therby greatly encreased. And therfore the honoure whiche in a course gowne they durste not haue lokyd for, they require as it were of dewtie for their fy […]er gownes sake. And if they be passed by without reuerence, they take it angerlye and disdaynfully. And agayne is it not a lyke mad[…]es to take a pride in vayne and vnprofitable honoures? For what naturall of trewe pleasure doest thou take of an other mans bare hede of bowed knees? Will thys ease the payne of thy knees, or remedye the phre[…]sie of the heade? In this ymage of counterfeyte pleasure, they be of a maruelous madnes, which for the opinion of nobilitie reioyse muche in their owne co[…]eite. Because it was their fortune to come of suche auncetours, whoes stocke of longe tyme hath bene counted ryche (for nowe nobilitie is nothynge elles) specially ryche in landes. And though their auncetours left them not one fote of lande, or els they themselfes haue pyssed it agaynste the walles, yet they thynke themselfes not the lesse noble therefore of one heare. In thys numbre also they counte them that take pleasure & delyte (as I saide) in gemmes and precious stones, and thynke themselues almoste goddes, if they chaunce to gette and excellent one, speciallye of that kynde whyche in that tyme of their owne contreye me[…] […] had in hyghest estimation. For one kynde of stone kepeth not hys pryce[…]tyll in all contreis▪ and at all tymes. Nor they bye them not but taken out of the golde and bare. No nor so nother before they haue made the selle[…] […]o sweare that he wyll warraunte and assure it to be a trewe stone and not co[…] ̄ terfeyt geme. Suche […]are they take lest […] counterfet stone shoulde deceaue their eyes in the steade of a right stone. But whye shouldest tho[…] not take […]uen asmuche pleasure in beholdynge a counterfette stone whiche thyne eye cannot discerne from a ryght stone? They should both be of lyke value to the, euen as to a blynde man. What shall I saye of them that kepe superfluous ryches, to take delectacion only in the beholdynge, and not in the vse or occupyenge therof? Do they take trewe pleasure, or els be they deceaued with false pleasure? Or of them that be in a co[…]trary vice, hydynge the golde whiche they shall neuer occupie nor peraduenture neuer see more? And whiles they take care leaste they shall le[…] se it, do leese it in dede. For what is it elles, when they hyde it in the groū de, takynge it bothe from their owne vse, and percha[…]nce from all othe[…] mens also? And yet thou when thou haste hidde thye treasure as one out of all care hoppest for ioye. The whyche treasure if it shoulde chaunce to bee stoolen, & thou ignoraunt of the thefte shouldest […]ye tenne yeares after: all that tenne yeares space that thou ly […]edest after thy money was stolen▪ what matter was it to the whether it hadde bene taken a waye or els sauffe as thou lefteste it? Truelye bothe wayes lyke proffyt came to the: To thyes so foolyshe pleasures they ioyn[…] dycers, whoes madnes they knowe by heare say a[…]d not by vse. Hūters also, and hawkers: For what pleasure is there (say[…] they) i[…] castynge the dice vpō a table. Which y• hast done so oftē, that i[…] theire were anye pleasure in it, yet the ofte vse myghte make the werye therof? Or what delite can there be, and not rather dyspleasure in hea […]ynge the barkynge and howlynge of dogges? Or what greater pleasure is there to be felte, when a dogg[…] followeth an hare, then when a dogge followeth a dogge: for one thynge is done in both, that is to saye, runninge▪ if thou haste pleasure therein, But i[…] the hope slaughter▪ and the expect[…] tion of tearynge […] pieces the beas[…]e dothe please the: thou shouldest rather be moued with pitie to see a seely innocent hare murdered of […]dogge: the weake of the stronger, the fearefull of the fea[…], the innocente of y• […] and vnmercyfull. Therefore all thys exercyse of huntynge, as a thynge v[…]worthye to be vsed of free m[…]n, the Vtopians haue reiected to their bochers, to the whiche crafte (as wee sayde before) they appointe ther bondmen. For they counte huntyng the loweste vyleste and moste abiecte parte of bocherye, and the other partes of it more profytable and more honeste, as whiche do brynge muche more commoditie, and doo kyll beastes onlye for necessytie. Where as the hunter seketh nothynge but pleasure of the seely and wofull beastes slaughter and murder. The whiche pleasure in beholdyng death they thynke dothe ryse in the very beastes, other of cruell affection of mynde; orels to be chaunged in continuaunce of time into crueltie, by longe vse of so cruell a pleasure. Thies therfore & all suche lyke, which be innumerable, though the common sorte of people doth take them for pleasures, yet they, seyng there is no naturall pleasauntnes in them, to playnelye determine them to haue no affinitie with trewe and right pleasure. For as touchyng that they do cōmonlye mo[…]e the sence with delectacion (whiche semeth to be a worke of pleasure) thys doth nothing diminishe their opinion. For not the nature of the thynge, but there peruerse and lewde custome is y• cause hereof. Whiche causeth them to accepte bitter or so w[…]e thinges for swete thinges. Euen as women with childe in their viciate & corrupt taste thinke pitche and […]allowe sweter then anye honney. Howbeit no mans iudge[…]ent depraued and corrupte, other by sic[…] nes, or by custome can chaunge the […] ture of pleasure, more then it can doo the natur of other thinges. They make di[…]ers ky[…]des of trew pleasures. For som they attribute to the soule, & som to the bodye. To the soule they gyue intellygence, a[…]d that delectation that cummeth of the contemplation of truthe. Here vnto is ioyned the pleasaunt remēbraunce of the good lyfe past. The pleasure of the bodye they de[…]ide […] […]. partes. The first is when delectatiō i[…] sensibly felte & perceaued. Whiche many times chaūceth by the renewing and re[…]esshyng of thoes partes which owre naturall heate drieth vp. Thys cumm[…]th by meate and drynke. And sumtymes whyles those thynges be voided, wherof is in y• […]ody ouer great a[…]undaūce. This pleasure is felte whē wee doo our naturall easemente, or when we be doynge the acte of generatyon, or when the ytchynge of annye […] is eased with rubbynge or stratchinge. Sumtimes pleasure riseth exhibitinge to any membre nothing that it […]esireth, nor taking from it any payne that it feeleth, which for all that tikleth and mo[…]eth our senses with a certein secret[…] efficacy, but with a manifest motion, and turneth them to it. As is that which cummeth of musicke. The secōd part of bodely pleasure they say is that which consisteth and resteth in the quiete and vpright state of the body. And that truelye is euery mans owne propre health entermyngled and dysturbed wyth […]o grieffe. For thys, yf yt be not letted nor assaulted with no greiffe i[…] […] of yt selfe, thoughe yt be moued wyth no externall or outwarde pleasure. For though it be not so plain and manyfeste to the sense, as the gredye luste of eatynge and dryncky[…]ge, yet neuerthelesse manye take it for the chyefeste pleasure. All the Vtopyans graunte yt to be a ryghte greate pleasure, and as yow wolde saye the foundatyon and grownde of all pleasures, as whyche euen alo[…]e ys able to make the state and condytyon of lyffe delectable and pleasaunte. And yt beynge ones taken awaye, there ys no place lefte for annye pleasure. For to be wythowte greyffe not hauinge health, that they call vnsensybylyte and not pleasure. The Vtopians haue longe agoo reiected and condempned the opynyon of them, whyche sayde that sted faste and quyete healthe (for thys questyon also hath bene dylygentelye debated emonge them) owghte not therefore to be cownted a pleasure, bicause they saye yt can not be presentlye and sensyblye perceaued and felte by some owtwarde motion. But of the contrarye parte nowe they agree almoste all in thys, that healthe ys a moste souereygne pleasure. For seinge that in syckenes (saye they) is grie[…], which is a mortal ennemie to pleasure, euē as sick[…]es is to health, why shuld not then pleasure be in the quietn[…]s of health? For they say it maketh nothing to thys matter, whether yow saye that sickenes is a griefe, or that in sickenes is griefe, for all cummeth to one purpose. For whether health be a pleasure it selfe, or a necessary cause of pleasure, as tyer is of heate: truelye bothe wayes it foloweth, that they cannot be without pleasure that be in perfyt healthe. Furthermore whyles we eate (saye they) then health whiche began to be appayred fyghteth by the helpe of foode against hunger. In the whych fighte whyles healthe by lytle and lytle getteth the vpper hande, that same procedyng, and (as ye would say) that onwardnes to the wonte strengthe mynistreth that pleasure, wherbye wee be so refresshed. Health therefore, whiche in the conflycte is ioyfull, shall it not bee merye when it hathe gotten the victory? But as sone as it hathe recouered thee pristynat[…] strengthe, whyche thinge […] in all the fyghte it coueted, shall it inco[…]tinēt be astonied? Nor shall it not knowe nor imbrace y• owne wealthe and goodnes? For that it is sayed healthe can not be felte, this, they thinke, is nothing trew. For what man wakynge say they, f[…] leth not hymselfe in health: but he that is not? Is there annye man so possessed wyth stonyshe insensibilitie, or with the steping sicknes, that he wyll not graūt health to be acceptable to hym a[…]d delectable? But what other thing is delectation, than that whiche by an other name is called pleasure? They imbrace chiefely the pleasures of the mind. For them they cownte the chiefist […] most principall of all. The ch[…]yfe parte of them they thinke doth come of the exercise of vertue and conscience of good lyffe. Of thies pleasures that the boddye ministreth they geue the pr[…]mynence to helth. For the delyte of eating and drincking, and whatsoeuer hath […] like pleasauntnes they determyne to be pleasures muche to be desiered, but no other wayes than for healthes sake. For suche thynges of theyre […] nature be not pleasaunte, but in that they resyste syckenes pre […]elye stealynge one, Therefore lyke as yt ys a wyse mans parte rather to a[…]oyde sycke[…]es, then to wyshe for […], and rather to dryue away and put to flyghte carefull greyffes, then to call for comforte: so yt ys much better not to neade thys kynde of pleasure, then in fealynge the contrarye greyffe to be eased of the same. The whyche kynde of pleasure yf annye […]an take for hys felycytye, that man muste nedes graunte that then he shall be in mooste felycytye, yf he lyue that lyffe whyche ys ledde in contynuall honger, thurste, itchynge, eatynge, drynkynge, scratchynge, and rubbynge. The whyche lyffe howe not onlye foule yt is, but also myserable, and wretched, who perceauethe not? Thyes dowteles be the baseste pleasures of all, as v[…]pure & vnperfecte. For they neuer cum but accōpanied wyth their contrary greiffes. As with y• pleasure of eatinge is ioyned hunger, & that after no very egal sort. For of thies […] the gryeffe is bothe the more vehement and also of longer continuaunce. For it rysethe before the pleasure, a[…]d endeth not vntyll the pleasure dye wyth it. Wherfore such pleasures they think not greatly to be set by, but in y• they be necessary. Howbeit they haue delite also in thies, & thākfully knouledge y• tē der loue of mother nature, which with most pleasaūt delectation allureth her childrē to y•, which of necessitye they be driuē oftē vse. For how wretched & miserable should our liffe be, if thies daily greiffes of hūger & thrust coulde not be dreuē away, b[…]t with bitter potions, & sower medicines, as the other deseases be, where with we be seldomer troubled? But bewtye, strengthe, nemblenes, thies as peculiare and pleasaunte giftes of nature they make muche of. But those pleasures which be receaued by the eares, the iyes, and the nose, which nature willeth to be proper and peculiar to man (for no other kind of liuing beastes doth behold the fayrene[…] and the bewtie of the wordle, or is […] with a[…]ny respect of sauours, bu[…] o[…]ly for the diuersity of meates▪ […]other perceaueth the concordaunt and discor […]ante distaunces of […]oundes, and tu […]es) thies pleasures (I say) they accept and allowe as certein pleasaunt reioysinges of liffe. But in all thinges thys ca[…]tell they vse, that a lesse pleasure hi[…] der not a bigger, & that y• pleasur be no cause of dyspleasur / whych they thinke to followe of necessytye if the pleasure be vnhoueste. But yet to dyspyse the cō lynes of bewtye, to waste the bodylye strengthe, to tourne nymblenes into s[…]o[…]ghishnes, to consume and make feble the boddye wyth fastynge, to doo iuiury to health, and to reiect the other pleasaunte motyous of nature (onles a man neglecte thies hys commodytyes, whyles he doth wyth a feruent zeale procure the wealth of others, or the cō men proffytte, for the whyche pleasure forborne he is in hope of a greater pleasure of GOD) els for a vayne shaddowe of vertue, for the wealthe and proffette of no man to punyshe hymselfe, or to the intente he maye be able […]ragiouslye to suffre aduersityes whyche perchaunce shall neuer come to hym: thys to doo they thynke it […] poynte of extreame mad[…]es, and a to […]en of a man cruelly minded to warde[…] hymselfe, and vnkynd towarde nature, as one so dysdaynynge to be in her daū ger, that he […] and refuseth all her benefytes. Thys is theire sentence and opinion of vertue and pleasure. And they beleue that by mans reason […] ca[…] be fownde trewer then this, onles annye godlyer be inspyred int[…] man from heauen. Wherin whethe[…] they belyue well or no, nother the tyme […]othe suffer vs to discusse, nother it ys […]owe necessarye. For we haue taken vpon vs to shewe and declare theyrlore[…] and or de[…]aunces, and not to def[…]nde them. But thys thynge I beleue verely: howe soeuer thies decrees be, that their is in no place of the wordle, no[…]ther a more excellent people, nothers more flouryshynge commen wealthe. They be lyghte and quycke of boddy full of actiuity and nymblenes, and of more strengthe thē a māwold iudge them by theyre stature, whyche […] […]ll that ys not to lowe. And thoughe theyrt soyle be not verye frute […]ll, nor theyre ayer verye holsome, yet agaynste the ayer they soo defende them wyth temperate dyete, and soo order and husbande theyr grounde wyth dylygente trauayle, that in no contreye ys greatter increase, and plentye of […] and cattell, nor mens bodies of longer liffe, and subiect or apte to fewet defeases. There therfore a man maye see well and diligentlye exploited and furnished, not onlye those thinges whiche husbandmen doo […] in other countreys: as by craft and c[…]ming to remedy the harrennes of y• grounde: but also a hole wood by the handes of the people plucked vp by the rotes in one place and sett agay[…]t in an other place. Wherin was hadde regar[…] and consideration not of plenty but of cōmodious carriage, that wood and tymber might be nigher to the […]ea, or the riuers, or the cities. For it is less[…] laboure and busines to carrye grayue farre by lande then wood. The people be gentle, merye, quycke, and syne wytted, delytynge in quyet[…]es, and when nede requyreth, able to abyde and suffre muche bodelye laboure. Elles they be not greatelye desyerous and fonde of yt: but in the exercyse and studdye of the mynde they be […]euer werye. When they had harde me speake of the Greke lytterarature or learnynge (for in Latyue theyre was nothynge that I thougthe they wolde grea[…]elye allowe, besydes hystorpeus and Poetes) they made wonderfull earneste and importunate sute vnto me, that I wolde teache and instructe them in that tonge and learnynge. I beganne therefore to reade: vnto them, at the fyrste iruelye more bycause I wolde not seme to refuse the laboure, then that I hooped that they wolde annye thyng proffytte therin. But when I had gone forwarde a lytle and perceaued incontyuente by theyr dylygence that my labour should not be bestowed in vayne, for they begaune so easelye to fassyo[…] theyre letters, so plainly to pronoūce y• woordes, so quyckely to learne by harte, and so suerly to rehearse the same, that I marueled at it, sauynge that the most parte of them were fyne, and chosen wittes, and of rype age, pyked oute of the companye of the learned men, whyche not onlye of theyr owne face and voluntarye wyll but also by the commaundemente of the cowncell, vndertoke to learue thys langage. Therfore in lesse then.iij. yeres space their was nothing in the Greke tonge that they lackede. They were able to reade good authors […] anny stay[…], if the booke were not false. Thys kynde of learnynge, as I suppose they toke so muche the sou […]er, bycause, it is sum what allyaunte to them. For I thynke that thys nation tooke their beginninge of the Grekes, bycause their speche which in all other poyntes is not muche vnlyke the persian tonge, kepeth dyue[…]s sig[…]es and too[…]ens of the greke la[…]gage in the names of their cityes and of theire magystrates. They haue of me (for when I was determyned to entre into my.iiij. voyage I caste into the shippe in the steade of marchandyse a pretye fardell of bookes: bycause I inteuded to come agayne rather neuer than shortelye) the mooste parte of Platoes woorkes, more of Aristotles, also Theophrastus of Plantes, but in diuers places (which I am sorye for) vnperfecte. For whyles wee were saylynge, a mormo[…]e[…] chaunced vpon the booke, as yt was neglygentlye layde by, whyche wa[…] tonlye playinge therewyth, plucked owte certeyne leaues, and toor[…] them in pieces. Of them that haue wrytten the grammer they haue onelye Lascaris. For Theodorus I caried not wyth me, nor neuer a dyctyonarye but Hesichius and Dioscorides. They sett greate stoore by Plutarches bookes. And they be delyted wyth Lucianes merye conceytes and iestes. Of y• Poettes they haue Aristophanes Homer, Euripides, and Sophocles in Aldus small prynte. Of the Historyans they haue Thucidides, Herodotus, and Herodian. Also my cōpanion Tricius Apinatus caried with him phisick bokes, certein small woorkes of Hippo crates, and Galenes Microtechue. The whyche boke they haue in greate esty[…]atyon. For thoughe there he almost no nation vnder heauen that hath lesse nede of Phisick then they, yet this notwithst[…]ndyng Phisicke is no where in greater honour. Bycause they count the knowledge of yt emonge the goodlieste, and mooste profytable partes of Philosophie. For whyles they by the helpe of thys Philosophie searche owte the secrete mysteryes of nature, they thynke that they not onlye receaue ther by wonderfull greate pleasur, but also obteyn great thankes and fauour of the auctoure and maker therof. Whome they thynke accordynge to the fassyon of other artyfycers to haue sett furthe the maruelous and gorgious frame of the worlde for man to beholde. Whome onelye he hathe made of wytte and capacytye to consydre and vnderstand the excellencye of so greate a woorke. And therefore saye they dothe he beare more good wyll and loue to the curyous and diligent beholder and vewere of his woorke & maruelour at the same, then he doth to him, whyche lyke a very beaste wythowte wytte and reason, or as one wythowte sense or mouynge, hath no regarde to soo greate and soo wonderfull a spectacle. The wyttes the refore of the Vtopians inurede and exercysed in learnynge, he marueious quycke in the inuentyon of feates, helpynge annye thynge to the aduantage and wealthe of lyffe. Howebeyt.ij. feates theye maye thanke vs for. That is the scyence of imprintyng and the craf […]e of makynge paper. And yet not onelye vs but chyefelye and pryncypallye themselfes. For when wee shewede to them Aldus hys pryute in bookes of paper, and told them of the stuffe wherof paper is made, and of the feat of grauynge letters, speakynge sumwhat more then wee colde playnlye declare (for there was none of vs that knewe perfectlye other the one or the other) they furthwyth verye wyttelye coniectured the thynge. And where as before they wrote o[…]ely in skynnes, in barkes of tryes, & in rides, now they haue attempted to make paper & to imprint letters. And thoughe at the fyrste yt prou[…] not all of the beste, yet by often assay inge the same they shortelye gott the feate of bothe. And haue so broughte the matter abowte, that yf they had copyes of Greeke authores, they coulde lacke no bookes. But nowe they haue no moore, then I rehearsed before, sauynge that by pryntynge of bookes they haue multyplyed and increased the same into manye thowsande of copyes: Who soeuer cummeth thether to see the lande, beynge excellente in annye gyfte of wytte, or throughe muche and songe iournyenge well experiensed and sene in the knowledge of manye countreys (for the whyche cause wee were verye welcome to them) hym they receyue and interteyne wonders gentyllye, and louynglye. For they haue delyte to heare what ys done in euerye lande, howebeyt verye few marchaunte men come thythere. For what shoulde they brynge thither? onles yt were Iron, or els golde and syluer, whiche they hadde rathere carrye home agayne. Also suche thynges as arre to be caryed owte of their lande, they thynke yt more wysedome to carrye that gee[…] furthe themselfes, then that othere shoulde come thether to fetche yt, to thentente they maye the better knowe the owte landes of euerye syde them, and kepe in vre the feat and knouledge of saylinge.