The Fourth Part

Of the instruction of those who are retained in the Society, in literature and other studies which tend to assist their fellow-creatures

[1] Since the object at which the Society directly aims is to aid O their own souls and those of their feUow-creatures in attaining that ultimate end for which they were created; and since learning and the method of propounding it, as well as the example of life are necessar}-- to this object; as soon as a good foundation of self-denial, and the needful advancement in virtue has been laid in those admitted to probation; the next care will be the edifice of hterature, and the manner of employing it, by which they may promote the better knowledge and the better service of God our Creator and Lord. For this the Society comprehends Colleges, and also Universities, or general studies; in which those who have given satisfactory- evidence of themselves in the Houses of probation, but have entered without adequate instruction in the learning indispensable for om* Institute, may be taught that and other things which conduce to the salvation of souls. First then, let the discourse turn on those things which pertain to Colleges; afterwards of what relates to general studies, with that favour which the divine Wisdom shall vouchsafe to gi-ant us to His own greater honour and glory.

Chap. I. Of the colleges

Since it appears most agreeable to reason that a due return be made, as far as in us lies, to the pietv and beneficence of those whom the divine Bounty has used as instruments for the foundation and endowment of our Colleges; first, in every College of our Society let Masses be celebrated once a week for ever for its Founder and benefactors, whether alive or dead. At the beginning of every month all the priests who are in the College ought to offer the same sacrifice for them for ever. On that day, moreover, in everv year, on which possession of each College was given to the Societ}', let it be solemnized with a Mass for the Founder and benefactors; and whatever Priests ai'e present in the College at that time, let them all celebrate their sacrifices there. On that day let a wax candle be offered to the Founder, or to one nearest allied to him in family, or to him whom the Founder himself appoints, in which candle there shall be the arms of the Founder i or the emblems of devotion. In that shall the Societv testily the gratitude which it owes to its Founder in the Lord. As soon as the Society shall come mto possession of any College, let the General see that it be communicated to the whole SocietA", that ever' Priest may thrice say ]\Iass for the living Founder of the College and its benefactors; that the Lo;d may guide them with His benignity in all things, and emich them ever with His gifts. Agam, when they shall have departed this hfe, the General v%ill take care, as soon as he hears of it, that throughout the Society every Priest say three ]VIasses for their souls. And as often as it is said, Masses are to be solemnized by the Priests; all the rest who hve in Colleges, and are not Priests, ought to pray to the same purpose; since they are all bound in the Lord to the same gratitude. The Founders moreover, and the benefactors of Colleges are made partakers of all the good works which are done, by the grace of God, not only in the Colleges, but in the whole Society. In general, however, the Society should understand that it is pecuUarly bound in Charity, as well to Founders, as to their connexions, as long as they live, and after their decease, to do them ever)' sendee which can be rendered by us according to our humble profession to the glor- of God.

Chap. II. Op those things which relate to the admission and relinquishing of colleges, and their temporal concerns

[1] The General shall have full power, in the name of the whole Society to admit those Colleges which are freely offered to the Society, to use them in full accordance with its Constitutions.

[2] If the Founder should exact any conditions at all contrary to the order and manner of proceeding usual with the Society, it may be left to the consideration of the General (after hearing the opinions of those whom he shall think most capable of judging in such matters) whether it will be useful to the Society, all things being considered, with a view to God's ser\ace, which it has proposed to itself, to admit this College, or not. But if in the course of time the Society finds itself burdened with the load, it may propose and determine, in a general Congregation, that such College be relinquished; or see that the burden be lightened, or at least that ampler means be provided to bear it. This is meant however, if before a Congregation of this sort, the General have not remedied the evil, as is proper in the Lord.

[3] In conjunction with the whole Society, the General shall have the power of relinquishing or ahenating Colleges or Houses already admitted. But as this is as it were to remove a Umb from the body, and is altogether a matter of perpetual and serious moment, it is better that the whole be consulted.

[4] Within the Colleges of the Society, let no care of souls, nor obligations to say Mass nor other things of this sort be allowed which are very apt to divert their inmates from their studies, and interfere with the benefits which are sought from them to the ser^'ice of God: in the same way also, they shall not be allowed in the other Houses, nor the Churches of the Professed Society, which, as far as possible, ought to be left at liberty to undertake the missions of the Apostolic Chair, and other works of piety to the service of God, and the salvation of souls.

[5] The Society shall take possession of the Colleges with the Temporal Property which belongs to them, and shall ajijjoint Rectors duly qualified for the office, who shall undertake the care of maintaining and managing their temporal concerns, and provide for the wants as well of the Building, as of the Scholai-s (who reside in the Colleges) and of those who are under Probation for admission, and those also who without the Colleges conduct their affairs. Tlie conduct of the entire administration shall remain in the Rectors: so as to enable them to render an account, whenever and to whom the General shall apjioint: and since the Generid can neither convert the tempond goods of the Colleges to his own use, nor that of his relations, nor of the Professed Societv; he mav therefore conduct himself the more completely above all suspicion in their superintendence, to the gi-eater glory and sendee of God. In those Colleges which, besides Preceptors, can maintain twelve Scholars out of their own incomes, for the greater edification of the people alms should neither be reqmred, nor received, nor any other gifts. If the revenues are less than sufficient to maintain this number, alms may be received but not sohcited; unless the College be labouring under so great poverty that it be necessary to ask, at least from some. Then indeed (keeping ever before their eyes the service of God and the general good) not only may alms be solicited, but they may beg from door to door for a season, whenever necessity requires it.

Chap. III. Of the scholars who are settled in the colleges

As regards the Scholars, for whose instruction the Colleges are appointed, it wiU first be necessary to consider in the Lord what kind of persons they ought to be who are sent, or admitted to them. First of all, no one shall be placed in any College of the Society amongst the Scholars with any of the five impediments mentioned in the Second Part. And besides the Coadjutors necessary to the sei-'ice or assistance of the College, the rest ought to be such that it may reasonably be hoped they will prove useful in the vineyard of the Lord Christ after our example, and in the cultivation of learning. These, the more intellectual they are, and the more adorned with good morals, and the more healthy to sustain the labour of study, the more proper will they be, and the sooner they may be sent, to be admitted into our Colleges. In addition to this, they only shall be admitted among the Approved Scholars, who have been under Probation in our Houses and Colleges, and at the end of two years spent in various trials and proofs, and after taking the vows, with a promise to enter the Societ}', they shall be admitted to spend their hves within it for ever to the gloiy of God. Besides these, some may be admitted to study, who, before the two years, and the probation above-mentioned, are sent to the Colleges from the Houses (because such a course seems expedient in the Lord) or are admitted into them: but they shall not be deemed Approved Scholars, until at the expiration of the two years, and after their vows and promise have been made, thev are placed among the number of the ApproA-ed.

Chap. IV. Of the superintendence of the admitted scholars

Let that suffice, which is set forth in the Third Part, of the superintendence of temporal and external affairs of the Colleges, in all that relates to the body. This however must be noted with pecuhar care, that the Scholars study not at seasons unfavourable to bodily health; that they devote sufficient time to sleep, and obserse moderation in their mental labours. So \vill it come to pass that they will be able longer to persevere both in the acquisition of learning and in employing it to the glory of God. In what relates to spirituals; the ordering of those who are admitted into the Colleges, and of those admitted into the Houses will be the same, so long as they are under Probation. After Probation, when they are at leisure to acquire learning, as on the one hand care must be taken lest in the eagerness of study the love of the soUd virtues and a religious life grow cold; so, on the other, too much time must not be given to mortifications, prayers, and lengthened meditations. Since to labour in learning which is acquired with the sincere purpose of serving God, and in a certain sense requires the whole man, will not be less pleasing to God, and our Lord, but even more so, than to be occupied in religious exercises during the time of study. Therefore, besides the Sacraments of Confession and Communion (in which they must participate once a week) and the Mass which they must hear daily, let them employ one hour in reciting the Office of the most blessed Virgin Mary, and in examining their consciences twice a day, with other prayers accorcUng to their particulai- devotion to fill up the hour, if not already occupied. All which they shall do at the appointment and judgment of their Superiors to whom as in the place of Christ they owe Obedience. Others, such as those Coadjutors who have not learned to read, besides Mass, may spend an hour also in reciting their Rosary, or Crown of the most blesssed ^'irg^n!Man', with a double examination daily, or other prayers, according to their particular devotion, as was set forth for the Scholars. 5 As an increase of devotion, and to raise the sense of obhgation with which thev are bound to God, and for a greater confirmation of the students in their calling, it will be expedient to reneic twice a year, viz. at the feasts of the Resurrection and the Nati'it% the simple vows which they have taken according to the formulars- in the Fifth Part, chapter IV. And let him who did not take them at the conclusion of the two years, as is set forth in the Examen, take them now. 6 In their way to the public Schools (and let them go nowhere else -without permission of the Superiors) let them go and return together with that exterior and interior modest)- which is suitable to the edification of themselves and others; and let their conversation with the exterior Scholars be hmited to literature or spiritual advancement; as shall be thought more profitable to all to the greater glory of God.

Chap. V. Of the studies to which the scholars of the society should apply

[1] As the object of the learning to be acquired in this Societv is hx the divine favour to benefit their own and their neighbours' souls; this -will be the measure in general and in particular cases, by which it shall be determined to what studies our Scholars should apply, and how far they should proceed in them. And since, generally speaking, the acquisition of divers languages. Logic, Natural and Moral Philosophy, Metaphvsics, and Theolog}', as well Scholastic, as that which is termed Positive, and the Sacred Scriptures assist that object; they who are sent to our Colleges shall give their attention to the study of these faculties; and they shall bestow greater diligence upon those which the supreme Moderator of the studies shall consider most expedient in the Lord to the aforesaid end, the circumstances of time, place, and person being considered.

[2] Descending to particidar persons; what each indi^•idual shall study must be left to the pnidence of the Superiors. But the services of any one endowed with good natural abilities will be useful in proportion to his attainment of soUd learning in the faculties above-mentioned.

[3] The Rector shall consider and determine of the time to be spent on any of these sciences, and when to proceed to more useful things, after a fitting examination.

[4] Let them foUow in each faculty the safer and more approved doctrine, and those authors who teach it: the care of this shall belf)ng to the Rector, who shall follow that which is established throughout the Society to the greater gloi-y of God.

Chap. VI. How the scholars may be assisted in successfully studying these faculties

[1] That the Scholars may make the greater proficiency in learning, let them in the first place labour to watch over the purit- of their souls, and to maintain the proper object of their studies, aiming at nothing else in their literaiy pursuits than the diA-ine glory and the advantage of souls; and in their prayers let them often beg for grace, that they may improve in learning to this end.

[2] Let them besides seriously and constantly resolve to apply their thoughts to study, and assure themselves that they can do nothing more acceptable to God in the Colleges, than if with the intention above expressed, they give themselves diligently to learning. And even though they never call into exercise what they have learned, let them persuade themselves that to have undertaken the labom-s of study, as is fitting, out of mere obedience and charity is a work of great merit in- the sight of the divine and supreme Majest}'.

[3] Let all impediments wliich distract the thoughts from study be removed, whether of devotion, and mortification, which are undertaken exorbitantly, or without due order, or of cai'es and occupations which arise at home from domestic duties, or abroad in conferences, confessions, and other duties towards our neighbours: so far at least as they may be declined in the Lord. For it is praiseworthy that these employments be defen-ed, however pious, until their studies be completed, that hereby they may afterwards render themselves more useful to others with that learning which they may have acquired. And let all these things be done with greater zeal for God's sers'ice and glor}^

[4] Order must be observed in study, that they lay a sohd foundation in the Latin language sooner than in the Liberal Arts; and in these before they attend to Scholastic Theology; and in this, before Positive Theology. The Sacred Scriptures may be taken in hand either at the same time, or aftei-words.

[5] Those languages in which they were either ^^Titten or translated may be learned sooner or later as the Superior in the varietv of concurring causes and the difference of persons mav think best. So the order of time will be left to his prudence. But if our Scholars apply to the study of languages, among other objects to which their attention may be directed, let this be one, namely, to defend the version sanctioned by the Church.

[6] Let all the Scholars attend the lectures of the public Professors at the pleasure of the Rector of the CoUege: which Professors, whether they belong to the Societ)- or not, it is to be wished, should be learned, diligent, assiduous, and anxious for the improvement of the students as well in the lectures as in their other literary' emplovments.

[7] Let there be a common Libraiy in the Colleges, if possible; of which a key should be given to those who in the Rector's judgment ought to have it. Besides these, however, everv' one shall have such other books as are necessarv.

[8] Let the Scholars be assiduous in attending lectures, and diligent in preparing for them; and when they have heard them, in repeating them; in places which they have not understood, making inquiry; in others, where needful, taking notes, to provide for any future defect of memory.

[9] It shall be the duty of the Rector of the College to see whether Masters and Scholars do their duty in the Lord, or not.

[10] Since the habit of debating is useful, especially to the Students of Arts and Scholastic Tlieolog)'; let our Scholars attend the ordinary disputations of the Schools to which they belong (though they be not under the control of the Societv) and see that they afford a distinct specimen of their learning, but with aU modesty. It is proper also that on every Sunday, or on some other day of the week some one in our College appointed by the Rector from any Class of student?, of Arts or Theology, after dinner should undertake some positions to be maintained (if no impediment intervene from any peculiar cause) to be affixed to the School-doors the previous evening, where all who please may assemble to dispute or listen; which being briefly stated by him who is to reply, it shall be permitted to all to debate whether within or without our College; but some one should preside to moderate the debaters, and elicit and demonstrate to the benefit of the audience the doctrine which ought to be held: and also to give the signal to those who dispute to conclude, and so to divide the time that an opportunit}' of speaking be allowed to cdl as far as possible. 1 1 Besides these two sorts of disputations above-mentioned, let a time be set on each day, for debating in the Colleges, a moderator being appointed, as we have said: so that, by these means, their talents may be exercised, and the difficulties which occur in these faculties may be the better elucidated to the glory of God. 12 Those who are studying pohte hterature shall have their appointed times also for conferring and disputing on what pertains to those studies, before some one who shall direct them; and on Sundays, or other appointed days after dinner they shall alternately either maintcdn positions in their owti studies, or exercise themselves in writing verse or prose; whether it be done extempore, the subject being then proposed to discover their readiness; or whether thev read in public what they have composed in private on a theme previously given them. 13 Let all speak Latin commonly, but especially the Students in Humanitv, and commit to memory whatever shall be set by their Masters, and diligently cultivate their style in composition: and let some one take the trouble to correct them. It shall also be allowed to some, at the Rector's pleasure, to read certain other authors in private, besides those which are pubhcly studied; and every week on an appointed day, after dinner, let one of the more advanced pronounce a Latin or Greek oration on a subject tending to the edification of the inmates, by which they may be animated to greater perfection in the Lord. 14 Moreover, the Students of Arts and Theology especially, and all the others should have their j)rivate quiet study, where thev may learn better and more exactly what has been treated 15 As the over earnestness of some in their studies ought to be repressed, so others who require it ought to be stimulated, incited, and animated to their duties; and that the Rector may more effectually do this, he should ascertain himself, from personal obsers-ation and by means of another to whom he shall have entrusted the office of SjTidic or Visitor of Studies, in what way the Scholars do their duty. And if he shall perceive that any one during his studies wastes his time, that he is unwilhng, or unable to malce progress in literature; it will be proper to remove liim, and put some one in liis place, who shall make more proficiency in the object appointed in the Colleges for God's service. 16 The study of any faculty being completed, it wiU be weU to go over it again in private, reading one or more authors than before, at the Rector's discretion. He may moreover reduce to \NTiting, if the Rector thinks proper, more briefly, distinctly, and accurately, whatever in that same faculty- he had previously written during the course of lectm-es when he had less skill than now at the conclusion of the course. 17 At the appointed times let them prepare themselves for the pubhc examinations and responses; and they who after dihgent scrutiny may be found worthy shall be advanced to the usual degrees. Let them not however assume any particular places, although such as are generally assigned in the University wherein they take their degree, that they may avoid every appearance of ambition and other inordinate passions; but let them all arrange themselves together without precedence, and incur no expense \mbecoming paupers in these degrees, to which they should be advanced without detriment to their humility, and with no other motive than to render themselves more useful to their neighbours to the glory of God. 18 Whether it may be better for their owti benefit or that of others for those who have accomplished the course of their studies, to read privately or publicly, shall be left to the judgment of the Superior who shall determine whatever he may think most expedient in the Lord.

Chap. VII. Of the schools of the colleges belonging to the societv

[1] Regard being had not only to the progress of our own Scholars in literature, but to the progress also of those not of our Society in literature and morals, whom we have admitted into our Colleges to be instructed, let pulilic Schools be opened, wherever it may conveniently be done, at least for Polite Learning. In the more important studies, they may be opened with reference to the circumstances of the places where our Colleges exist, always keeping before our eyes what shall be most pleasing to God.

[2] In these Schools let that method be pursued by which the external Scholars may be Avell instructed in all that relates to Christian Learning; and let care be taken, as far as possible, they may attend the Sacrament of Confession once a month, frequently hear the word of God, and in short imbibe, together with learning, morals becoming Christians. And because, in particular subjects, there must needs be much variety, according to the difference of places and persons, we shall not here insist upon them severally: but this may be declared that rules should be established in every College wliich shall embrace all necessary points. And we may in this place recommend that the correction which the external Scholars require shall never be u-ithheld: only let it be administered hi/ some one loho is not of our Societj/.

[3] As it is peculiar to our profession to receive no temporal remuneration for spiritual services, in which according to our Institute we are engaged for the service of our fellow-creatures; it is not expedient to receive any endowment of a College, by which the Society shall be bound to maintain a Preacher, or- Confessor, or Lecturer in Theology. For although a regard to equity and gratitude should stir us to attend with increased diligence to the said ministrations which belong to our Institute; yet in our Colleges wliich have been founded with greater liberality and devotion, no obligations or conditions shall be admitted, which may derogate from the sincerity of our manner of proceeding, namely to give ftxely what we have freely received; still, for the support of those who labour or study for the common good of the CoUege, that endowment may he accepted which the charit- of Founders assigns to the glory of God.

Chap. VIII. Of instructing our scholars in those things which relate to the service of their fellow-creatures

[1] Looking to the object to which the studies of our Society are directed, it will contribute to that end, that they begin to habituate themselves to ^vield their spiritual weapons for the benefit of their neighbours. For although this shoidd be done in our Houses more properly and continuously, it should yet be commenced in our Colleges.

[2] First of all, those who in the judgment of the Superior are to be admitted to sacred orders, should be instructed in the method of saying Mass, so that besides intelligence and internal devotion, they may exhibit a becoming external manner to the edification of the hearers: and that all the Society, as far as possible, may use the same ceremonies: in which so far as the variety of countries shall allow, it shall follow the Roman practice as being more general, and that which the Apostohc See has adopted in a more pecuhar manner.

[3] Let them accustom themselves also in setting forth their sermons and sacred lectures to the way best adapted for the edification of the people, which dififers from the Scholastic method; end to discharge this dutj^ let them labour to acquire the vernacidar tongue of the country thoroughly. There are other things which they should have studied, and have at their fingers' ends, which will be usefid to this duty; and in short, they should employ all means which may assist them to discharge this office the better, and with greater spiritual profit to others. 1 Let them be accustomed also to the ministration of the Sacraments of Confession and Communion, and endeavour to comprehend and cUscharge that dutv not only as relates to themselves but also to the penitents and communicants, that they may understand and receive the same duly and usefully to the glory of God. ) Let them accustom themselves to communicate their spiritual exercises to others, when each has experienced them in himself; and let aU be dihgent not only to give an explanation of them, but also to acquire a readiness in wielding this kind of spiritual arms which by the grace of God is felt to contribute so largely to His service. 6 Let due diligence be employed in acquiring the proper method of teaching the Catechism, accommodated to the inteUigence of children and ignorant persons. 7 As in the foregoing, our neighbours are helped forward in living well; so care must be taken that they be instructed in w^hatever is available towards dying well: and let it be understood what method ought to be obsen^ed at that hour which is so momentous to the ultimate attainment or loss of everlasting happiness. 8 Generally speaking, they shovdd be taught what method should be pursued by the labourers of this Society, (who must be engaged in such various quarters of the world, and with such different classes of men), in preventing the inconveniencies which may arise, and in securing the emoluments which contribute to the greater glory of God, by employing all the means tchich can possibly be employed. And although that unction of the Holy Ghost, and that icisdom ichich God is wont to coinmunicate to those who confide in his di-ine Majesty, can only teach this; a way may still be opened in some measure by those lessons which tend and dispose to the furtherance of divine Grace.

Chap. IX. Of removing scholars from the study of literature

[1] Some are removed from the Colleges for the reasons set forth in the Second Part, and in the manner there explained; that others mav succeed them who shall make more progress to the serNTice of God. The method is the same both for Houses and Colleges.

[2] Sometimes individuals shall be removed, because to be sent elsew'here tends to their greater improvement in religion or learning, or to the general advantage of the Societv; as it might happen, if one who had already passed through the course of Arts, in a certain College should repeat it elsewhere, before the study of Theology be commenced. And the same may be said, if they are to be occupied in any other thing to the greater sei-vice and glory of God.

[3] The ordinaiy method of removing Scholars fi-om any College where all the aforesaid Sciences are taught, shall be, when each shall have accomplished his studies, his Course of Arts being conijjlctcd, and four years spent in the study of Theology. And towards the conclusion of this period the Rector shall understand that it is his duty to inform the General or Provincial, and represent what proficiency they have made; and then he shall follow whatever instructions he mav receive to the srlorv of God.

Chap. X. Of the government of the colleges

[1] The Professed Society shall have the supreme care or superintendence of the Colleges according to the letters of the Apostohc See. For since the Professed cannot applv anv portion of those revenues to their private advantage or their own use; it is most consonant to reason that they will proceed with greater purity and religion more constantly and perseveringly in those things which are necessary' to the good government of the Colleges to the greater sersnce of God and our Lord.

[2] Except ichat relates to the Constitutions, and the dissolution or alienation of our Colleges, the whole power and administration, and (generally speaking) the execution of this superintendence shall belong to the General, who keeping before his eyes the object towards which the Colleges and the Societ^ at large are du'ected, shall best perceive what is beneficial for them.

[3] The General himself therefore, or some one empowered by him for this duty, shall appoint one of the Coadjutors of the Society to preside over each College; who shall give an account of the duty assigned to him to the Pro^'incial, or whomsoever the General shall nominate. And the General also may remove the Rector, and relieve him from his responsibUit}-, as shall appear to him most desirable in the Lord.

[4] Care should be taken that he who imdertakes the office of Rector should be most exemplary, of great edification, and strict mortification in all depraved incUnations, and tried especially in Obedience, and in humilit-; one endowed ^^-ith discretion, skilled in government, versed in business, and experienced in spiritual concerns; knowing how to mterchange severity with mildness in due time and place, anxious, laborious, learned; in short one in whom the Superiors may confide, and to whom they luay safely communicate their power; since, the ampler this authority, the more efiiectuaUy the Colleges wUl be directed to the greater glory of God.

[5] It will l)c the Rector's duty, in the first place, to sustain, as it were upon his shoulders, the whole College hy prayer and holy desires; in the next, to see that the Constitutions be obsen^ed, to watch over all the Collegians with all solicitude; to defend them from all that may hurt them at home and abroad, as well by prevention, as by applying a remedy when mischief occurs; according both to the general interest and also that of the individual; by seeing that they improve in ^^rtue and learning; securing their health, and hkewase the propert' of the College as well moveable as immoveable; prudently appointing those who hold domestic emplo\Tnents, and observ'ing how they discharge their dutv'; and as he shall judge most expedient in the Lord, keeping them in their places, or remo'ing them: and generally spealdng, he shall see that that which has been set forth in the previous chapters relating to the Colleges, be observed. Let him be mindful also of the subordination to be entirelv maintained in Obedience, not only to the General, but to the Provincial also, informing him of all things needful to be communicated, and referring to him everything of moment; obe^ang all his injunctions (seeing he also has a Superior); as it is just that matters be referred to him, and obedience be -ielded by those who live in the College; who should greatly revere and venerate their Rector, as one who holds the place of Christ our Lord, leaving to him the free disposition of themselves and their concerns with unfeigned obedience; keeping nothing concealed from him, not even their consciences, which they should disclose to him, as is set forth in the Exumen, at the appointed seasojis, and oftener if any cause require it; not opposing, not contradicting, not showiny an opinion in any case opposed to his opinion; so that by the union of the same sentiment and will, and by due submission, thev mav the better be mamtained and forwarded in the service of God.

[6] Let the Rector pro^^de not only the necessarv number of officers for 'the good management of the House, but let him see that they are competent, as far as possible, to their employments; to every one let him give his regidations, containing all that relates to their several duties, and see that no one intenncddle with another's department. Moreover, as whenever it is necessarv, he shoidd provide assistance for them, so whenever they have time to spare, he should see that they spend it profitably to the sen'ice of God.

[7] Among the officers necessar- for the Rector, ui the first place, a proper person must be selected to be Sub-rector, or Major Domo, and to see to all things which appertain to the general good. There should be a Syndic also to superintend external conceras; one to see to spiritual affairs, and two or more besides, in whose probit- and prudence the Rector has gi'eat reUance; and with whom he may consult on the more difficult occasions, and such as seem to involve the greater glor}' of God. Others also are needful for particular duties.

[8] Let the Rector see that the CoUegians pay to eveiy man in the discharge of his duty an entire obedience; that the other officers obey the Sub-rector, and himself also, just as he commands them. It may be weU to state this in general, that those who have to exact obedience from others should set them an example of that obedience which they should pay to their Superiors m the place of Christ.

[9] The maintenance of regularity as to time in studies, prayers, masses, lectures, food, sleep, and other things will be useful in all respects; and a signal should be given at stated hoiu-s; at the sound of which, let all forthwith betcike themselves to that whereto they are summoned, not stopping to complete even a single letter. It will however pertain to the Rector, or to him who superintends, to see when these hours are to be changed according to the seasons or other sufficient causes; and let what he determine^ be obser-ed.

[10] The Rector should himself read or teach the Catechism forty days. Let him see also which of the CoUegians, especially towards the conclusion of their studies, and to v.-hat extent at home and abroad, sliovdd impart instruction to others in conferences, in setting spiritual exercises, in hearing confessions, in sermons, lectures, or explanations of the Catechism, partly for their ovra improvement, partly for the benefit of others as well within as without; and all things duly considered, let him provide for whatever he shall perceive most pleasing to the divine and supreme Goodness, and His greater senice and glor^^

Chap. XI. Of admitting universities into the society

[1] The same reason in charity, for which Colleges are admitted, and public Schools maintained in them not only for the edification of our owTi Scholars, in learning and morals but still more of those that are without, may be extended to the undertaking of the care of Universities; that in them this benefit may be enlarged, and be wider spread as well in the Sciences which are taught as in the men who frequent them, and the degrees to which they attain; so that in other places they may teach with authority, what they have in these thoroughly learned to the gloiy of God.

[2] On what conditions and obligations, and in what places these Universities shall be admitted, is left to the judgment of the General of the Society: who having heard the opinions of his Assistants, and of others whom he may choose to consult, shall determine within himself whether they shall be admitted. But when they have been once admitted he shall have no power to dissolve them without the concurrence of a General Congregation.

[3] Since religious peace and spiritual occupations aUow not that distraction of mind nor other annoyances to the Society which attend the duty of judging in civil or criminal proceedings, no jurisdiction of this kind shaU be permitted which the Society might exercise either of itself, or by others depending on it: although it is proper in aU that peculiarly relates to the welfare of the University that the ministers of ordinary Justice whether secular or ecclesiastical should fulfil the pleasure of the Rector of the University as signified to them touching the punishment of its Scholars, and generally promote the interests of learning. especiaUv when recommended to them l)v the Rector. OF the sciences, which are to be TAUGHT IN THE CHAP. xn. 1 As the object of the Society and its stucUes is to assist their neighbours in the knowledge and love of God and the s.dvation of their own souls; and as to this end the most proper means is the study of TheologA-, the Universities of the Society shall chiefly labour therein, and diligently teach by sufficient masters whatever relates to the Scholastic doctrine and the Holy Scriptures, and so much of the Positive as contributes to this GUI' appointed end, without entering upon the portion of the Canons which ministers to contentious courts of law. And since both the study of TheologA' and its practice demand, especially in these times, a knowledge of Humanity, and the Latin, Greek and Hebrew languages, competent Professors of these shall be appointed in adequate numbers. Professors also may be appointed for other languages, as Chaldaic, Arabic, and Indian, wherever they shall appear necessary or useful to the aforesaid end, regard being paid to the various regions, and the motives which lead to their study. And since the Arts, or natural Sciences dispose the mind to Theology, and contribute to its perfect study and practice, and of themselves assist in the same object; let them be taught by learned Preceptors, and with proper dihgence, sincerely seeking the honour and glory of God in all things. The studv of Medicine and of the Law shall not be engaged in within the Universities of our Society; or at least, the Society shall not take that dutv upon itself, as being remote from our Institute.

Chap. XII. Of the manner and order of studying the aforesaid faculties

A proper arrangement and order of study must be observed both morning and evening for the subordinate faculties and Theology. And though some variety may occur in this aiTangement, and in the hours assigned to study in different countries and seasons, let all at least agree in this that everywhere that only be done which shall be deemed most expedient to the greatest progress in learning. The lectures which are read in pubhc, and the various Professors shall be appointed with reference to the inteUigence and number of the audience; they shall particularly inspect the progress of eveiy one of their Scholars, and demand an account of the lectures; see that they are repeated, and that the Students in Humanity cultivate their conversational powers, speaking Latin and improving their style by writing: enjoining frequent dis])utations, and especially on the superior students; for which certain days and hours shall be appointed, when they shall debate, not only \-ith their equals, but the inferior with the more advanced on subjects of their own selection; which also in turn the more advanced shall do with the less forward, descending (in then* turn) to the studies in which these are engaged, and the Preceptors with one another, due moderation being maintained, and a President appointed, to break off the debate, and to declare what doctrine should be elicited from the discussion. 4 It will be the duty of the Rector either by himself or the Chancellor ever to see that the new-comers be examined, and placed in those classes, and under those Preceptors wliich are most fitting; and it shall be left to his discretion, after hearing the opinion of the persons appointed to that duty, whether they should remain longer in the same class, or be advanced to a higher. He also shall decide respecting the study of languages, except Latin, whether they should be engaged in before or after Arts and Theology, and how long each Student should apply to them. So in any of the higher Sciences, he shall settle with due regard to the inequality of talents and age, when each should commence and how long occupy himself in them: although it will be best that they who are in the vigour of life and intellect should endeavom* to advance in all, and become conspicuous to the glory of God. 5 As assiduity in litcraiT pursuits is necessaiy, so is some relaxation idso. Although it shall be left to the Rector to consider what this should be, and at what periods, the circumstances of persons and places being attended to.

Chap. XIII. Of the books which should be studied

[1] In genend, as was observed in treating of the Colleges, those books shcdl be read which are esteemed of more solid and sa/r doctrine in any faculty. Nor.shall those be entered on, whose doctrine or authors ai'c suspected. In every l^niversity they shall be particularly specified; in TheologT,% the Old and New Testament shall be read, and the Scholastic Divinity of St. Thomas; and in that branch of divinity called Positive, those authors shall be selected which appear best adapted to our object. As touching Latin and Greek books of Humanity, both in our Universities and Colleges, as far as possible, those shall not be used which contain anything prejudicial to good morals; except they have been previously purified of unproper things or words. In Logic and Natural and Moral Philosophy and Metaphysics, the Docti-ine of Aristotle should be professed; and in other liberal Arts, and in commentaries as well of these authors as those of Humanity, a choice being made of them, let those be selected which the Scholars ought to see, and the Teachers chiefly to follow in the doctrine which they dehver. But in all his determinations, let the Rector proceed in the way which he shall judge most conducive in the whole Society to the glory of God.

Chap. XIV. Of terms and degrees

[1] In Humanity and the Languages the period for the completion of the course cannot be detei-mined, by reason of the diiference of talent and infomiation of the Students, and many other causes, which admit of no other hmitation of time than that which shall appear suitable in eveiy case at the pleasure of the discreet Rector or Chancellor.

[2] In the study of Arts the terms shall be arranged, in which the Natural Sciences shall be read, and for which not less than three years will be sufl[icient; besides these a further period of six months shall be reserved for repetitions, and keeping the acts of the Schools, and taking the Master's degree, by those who shall take it. There \aU elapse a period therefore of three years and a half before any advancement to the Master's degree. And in eveiy year one such course shall be commenced, and another by God's help, accomplished.

[3] The course of Theology shaU comprise six years. In the first four all that is necessary shall be read: in the other two, besides the repetition, the usual acts for the Doctor's degi-ee shall be kept by those who are to be raised to it. Even' fourth vear the course shall ordinarily be commenced, the books to be read being so arranged that a Student may begin on any one of the four years; and through the remainder of the four years commenced, and of so much of the four years to follow, dowTi to the period corresponding to the term when he began, he may complete a course of Theology in four years.

[4] In the degrees as weU of Masters of Arts, as of Doctors of Divinity, let three things be observed: First, let no one be advanced until he be dihgently and pubUcly examined by persons appointed, who shall carefully perform this duty, and he shall be found qualified for that Science, whether he belong to the Societs% or not; Secondly, That the door may be closed against Ambition, no fixed places shall be assigned to those who are raised to Degrees; but let them rather study in honour to prefer one another, without observing any difiference of places: Thirdly, As the Society instnicts gratuitously, so let it raise to degrees gratuitously; and to those wathout the Societ)-, let very little expense, although voluntary, be permitted, lest custom at length obtain the force of law; and in this point in the course of time they exceed moderation. Let the Rector take care also not to permit the Masters, or any others of the Society to receive, for themselves or the College, money, or any gift from any one for anything done for his service; since the Lord Christ alone is to be our reicard, our exceeding great reivard, according to our Institute.

Chap. XV. Of what relates to good morals

[1] Let diligence be used that they who come to the Universities of the Society to study literatiu-e, acquire also good morals worthy of Cliristians: to which it will greatly assist, if all go to the sacrament of Confession at least once a month, and hear Mass every dav, and a Sermon every holy-day, when one is preached. And each of the Preceptors will take care that this be done by his pupils.

[2] The Catechism shall be rehearsed in College, on a certain day of every week, and care shall be taken that boys shall learn and repeat it, and that all of more advanced age, if possible, may know it.

[3] Every week also there shall be a declamation, (as was said in treating of the Colleges,) by one of the Students on subjects tending to the edification of the hearers, and inciting them to increase in all purity and wtue; that thus their st}de may not only be exercised, but their morals improved. And all those who understand Latin shall attend these declamations.

[4] Neither oaths nor injuries by word or deed shall be permitted in the Schools, nor anything indecorous or dissolute in such persons not belonging to the Society as frequent them. Let the special attention of Preceptors be turned to this, as weU in the lessons, when occasion offers, as at other times, to incite their pupils to the sennce and love of God and of all virtues, by which they may please Him, and to refer all their studies to this object. To keep this in mind, at the commencement of eveiy lesson, let some one pronounce a short prayer to this effect, which the Preceptor and all the Students shall hsten to uncovered.

[5] Let a Corrector be appointed, who shall not be of the Society, for those who offend as well in what concerns diligence in their studies, as against good morals, and for whom kind words alone, and exhortation are not sufficient, and let liim keep the boys in fear, and chastise those who need it, and who are capable of this sort of correction. And when neither words, nor the office of the Corrector shall suffice, and amendment in any indi'idual is quite hopeless, whilst he seems to be injurious to others, it is better to remove him from the Schools, than to retain him where he does no good to himself, and only harm to others. But this decision shall be left to the Rector of the University, that aU things may proceed, as is meet, to the glor' and service of God.

Chap. XVI. Of the officials or ministers of the university

[1] The whole care, or superintendence and government of the University shall in the Rector, who may also be head of the leading College of the Societv', and endowed with such gifts of God, of which mention has been made, that he may satisfy the whole University in the fulfilment of the duty committed to him in learning and morals. His election shall belong to the General, or him to whom he shall depute it, as the Pro-incial or Visitor; but the confirmation shall always rest with the General. The Rector shall have four Counsellors, or assistants, to help him in whatever relates to his duty, and with whom he may regulate things of moment.

[2] There shall be a Chancellor also, a man well versed in hterature, abounding with right zeal and judgment in what is committed to him: whose office shall be to be the general instrument of the Rector in the due arrangement of studies, and in conducting the debates in public acts, and in ascertaining that the learning of those who are to be admitted to acts and degrees, (which he shall himself confer) be sufficient.

[3] Let there be a Secretary, of the Society, who shall keep a book, in which the names of all the Students dihgently attending the Schools shall be written; and who shall receive their engagements of obedience to be paid to the Rector, and of submission to the Constitutions; and who shall keep the Seal of the Rector and of the University: all which shall be done without any expense to the Students.

[4] There shall be a Notary also to give public assurance of degrees taken and other occurrences. Let there be also two or three Beadles, one appointed for the faculty of Languages, another of Arts, the third of Theology.

[5] The University shall be divided into these three faculties; and in each of them let there be appointed a Dean, and two more selected from among those most learned in that facult-; who, being summoned by the Rector, may declare what they think most expedient to the good of their faculty; and if anything of this sort occur to them whilst engaged together in these affairs, they shall communicate it to the Rector, even wnthout any summons from him. G In matters which concern one facidty only, the Rector shall summon not only the Chancellor and his assistants, but the Dean also and his assistants of that facidty: in matters which relate to all, the Deans and assistants of all shall be summoned. And if the Rector should think proper to summon others to the Convocation whether belonging to the Society or not, he may do so; that when he has heard all their opinions, he may better determine what is most expedient. 7 There shall be one general S\ndie, to advise the Rector and Provincial and General as well concerning persons as things, as he shall see fit; which Syndic should be a man of great fidehty and judgment. Besides him, the Rector shall have his special Syndics, to bring before him occurrences requiring his inspection in every class. And as he shall write once a year to the General, and twice to the Provincial, (who shall infoi^i the General when necessary) respecting all the Preceptors, and others of the Society; so also his Colleague, and Syndic, and Counsellors shall write respecting him and others: so that in all things they may proceed with greater circumspection and diligence each in his ovm peculiar dut}^ It shall be left to the consideration of the General when any University is admitted, whether the Rector, Chancellor, Beadles, Doctors, and Masters should wear any distinctions by which thev may be recognized in the Universitv', or in the Pubhc Acts, or not; and if they wear them, what they shall be. And he shall appoint either by himself or another whatever he shall judge after didy weighing all the circumstances to be most conducive to the greater glory and service of God and the general good, which is our onlv aim in this and all other our doings.