Summa Theologiae Part I-II — First Part of the Second Part Question 001 — Question 1 — Of Man’s Last End 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it belongs to man to act for an end? Article 2 — Whether it is proper to the rational nature to act for an end? Article 3 — Whether human acts are specified by their end? Article 4 — Whether there is one last end of human life? Article 5 — Whether the will of one man can be directed to several things at once as last ends? Article 6 — Whether man wills all that he wills for the last end? Article 7 — Whether all men have the same last end? Article 8 — Whether other creatures concur in man’s last end? Question 002 — Question 2 — What Man’s Happiness Consists In 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether man’s happiness consists in wealth? Article 2 — Whether man’s happiness consists in honors? Article 3 — Whether man’s happiness consists in glory? Article 4 — Whether man’s happiness consists in power? Article 5 — Whether man’s happiness consists in bodily goods? Article 6 — Whether man’s happiness consists in pleasure? Article 7 — Whether some good of the soul constitutes man’s happiness? Article 8 — Whether any created good constitutes man’s happiness? Question 003 — Question 3 — What is Happiness 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether happiness is something uncreated? Article 2 — Whether happiness is an operation? Article 3 — Whether happiness is an operation of the sensitive part? Article 4 — Whether happiness is an act of the will? Article 5 — Whether happiness is an operation of the practical intellect? Article 6 — Whether happiness consists in the consideration of speculative sciences? Article 7 — Whether happiness consists in the knowledge of separate substances, namely, of angels? Article 8 — Whether man’s happiness consists in the vision of the divine essence? Question 004 — Question 4 — Of Those Things That are Required for Happiness 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether delight is required for happiness? Article 2 — Whether in happiness vision ranks before delight? Article 3 — Whether comprehension is necessary for happiness? Article 4 — Whether rectitude of the will is necessary for happiness? Article 5 — Whether the body is necessary for man’s happiness? Article 6 — Whether perfection of the body is necessary for happiness? Article 7 — Whether any external goods are necessary for happiness? Article 8 — Whether the fellowship of friends is necessary for happiness? Question 005 — Question 5 — Of the Attainment of Happiness 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether man can attain happiness? Article 2 — Whether one man can be happier than another? Article 3 — Whether happiness can be had in this life? Article 4 — Whether happiness can be lost? Article 5 — Whether man can attain happiness by his natural powers? Article 6 — Whether man attains happiness through the action of some higher creature, namely, an angel? Article 7 — Whether any good works are necessary that man may receive happiness from God? Article 8 — Whether every man desires happiness? Question 006 — Question 6 — Of the Voluntary and the Involuntary 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether there is anything voluntary in human acts? Article 2 — Whether there is anything voluntary in irrational animals? Article 3 — Whether there can be voluntariness without any act? Article 4 — Whether violence can be done to the will? Article 5 — Whether violence causes involuntariness? Article 6 — Whether fear causes involuntariness simply? Article 7 — Whether concupiscence causes involuntariness? Article 8 — Whether ignorance causes involuntariness? Question 007 — Question 7 — Of the Circumstances of Human Acts 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether a circumstance is an accident of a human act? Article 2 — Whether theologians should take note of the circumstances of human acts? Article 3 — Whether the circumstances are properly set forth in the Third Book of Ethics? Article 4 — Whether the most important circumstances are ‘why’ and ‘in what the act consists’? Question 008 — Question 8 — Of the Will, in Regard to What It Wills 4 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the will is of good only? Article 2 — Whether volition is of the end only, or also of the means? Article 3 — Whether the will is moved by the same act to the end and to the means? Question 009 — Question 9 — Of That Which Moves the Will 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the will is moved by the intellect? Article 2 — Whether the will can be moved by the sensitive appetite? Article 3 — Whether the will moves itself? Article 4 — Whether the will is moved by an exterior principle? Article 5 — Whether the will is moved by a heavenly body? Article 6 — Whether the will is moved by God alone as exterior principle? Question 010 — Question 10 — Of the Manner in Which the Will is Moved 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the will is moved to anything naturally? Article 2 — Whether the will is moved, of necessity, by its object? Article 3 — Whether the will is moved, of necessity, by a passion of the lower appetite? Article 4 — Whether the will is moved of necessity by God? Question 011 — Question 11 — Of Enjoyment 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether to enjoy is an act of the appetitive power? Article 2 — Whether to enjoy belongs to men alone? Article 3 — Whether enjoyment is only of the last end? Article 4 — Whether enjoyment is only of the end possessed? Question 012 — Question 12 — Of Intention 6 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether intention is an act of the intellect or of the will? Article 2 — Whether intention is only of the last end? Article 3 — Whether One Can Intend Two Things at the Same Time? Article 4 — Whether intention of the end is the same act as the volition of the means? Article 5 — Whether irrational animals intend the end? Question 013 — Question 13 — Of Choice 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether choice is an act of will or of reason? Article 2 — Whether choice is to be found in irrational animals? Article 3 — Whether choice is only of the means? Article 4 — Whether choice is only in respect of human acts? Article 5 — Whether choice is only of possible things? Article 6 — Whether man chooses of necessity? Question 014 — Question 14 — Of Counsel 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether counsel is an inquiry? Article 2 — Whether counsel is of the end, or only of the means? Article 3 — Whether counsel is only of things that we do? Article 4 — Whether counsel is about all things that we do? Article 5 — Whether the process of counsel is one of analysis? Article 6 — Whether the process of counsel is indefinite? Question 015 — Question 15 — Of Consent 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether consent belongs only to the apprehensive part of the soul? Article 2 — Whether consent is to be found in irrational animals? Article 3 — Whether consent is directed to the end? Article 4 — Whether consent to the act belongs only to the higher part of the soul? Question 016 — Question 16 — Of Use 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether use is an act of the will? Article 2 — Whether use is to be found in irrational animals? Article 3 — Whether use regards the last end? Article 4 — Whether use precedes choice? Question 017 — Question 17 — Of the Acts Commanded by the Will 10 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether command is an act of the reason or of the will? Article 2 — Whether command belongs to irrational animals? Article 3 — Whether use precedes command? Article 4 — Whether command and the commanded act are one act? Article 5 — Whether the act of the will is commanded? Article 6 — Whether the act of the reason is commanded? Article 7 — Whether the act of the sensitive appetite is commanded? Article 8 — Whether the act of the vegetal soul is subject to reason’s command? Article 9 — Whether the members of the body obey reason as to their acts? Question 018 — Question 18 — Of the Good and Evil of Human Acts, in General 12 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether every human action is good, or are there evil actions? Article 2 — Whether the good or evil of a man’s action is derived from its object? Article 3 — Whether man’s action is good or evil from a circumstance? Article 4 — Whether a human action is good or evil from its end? Article 5 — Whether moral acts differ in species according to good and evil? Article 6 — Whether an action has the species of good or evil from its end? Article 7 — Whether the species derived from the end is contained under the species derived from the object, as under its genus? Article 8 — Whether any action is indifferent in its species? Article 9 — Whether an individual action can be indifferent? Article 10 — Whether a circumstance places a moral action in the species of good or evil? Article 11 — Whether every circumstance relating to good or evil specifies an action? Question 019 — Question 19 — Of the Goodness of the Interior Act of the Will 11 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the goodness of the will depends on the object? Article 2 — Whether the goodness of the will depends on the object alone? Article 3 — Whether the goodness of the will depends on reason? Article 4 — Whether the goodness of the human will depends on the eternal law? Article 5 — Whether the will is evil when it is at variance with erring reason? Article 6 — Whether the will is good when it abides by erring reason? Article 7 — Whether the goodness of the will depends on the intention of the end? Article 8 — Whether the degree of goodness in the will depends on the degree of good in the intention? Article 9 — Whether the goodness of the human will depends on its conformity to the divine will? Article 10 — Whether the human will should always be conformed to the divine will as regards the thing willed? Question 020 — Question 20 — Of Goodness and Malice in External Human Affairs 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether good and evil in the external action are prior in being to the act of the will? Article 2 — Whether the whole goodness and malice of the external action depends on the goodness of the will? Article 3 — Whether the goodness and malice of the external action are the same as those of the interior act? Article 4 — Whether the external action adds any goodness or malice to that of the interior act? Article 5 — Whether the consequences of the external action increase its goodness or malice? Article 6 — Whether one action can be both good and evil? Question 021 — Question 21 — Of the Consequences of Human Actions 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether a human action is right or sinful insofar as it is good or evil? Article 2 — Whether a human action deserves praise or blame by reason of its being good or evil? Article 3 — Whether a human action is meritorious or demeritorious insofar as it is good or evil? Article 4 — Whether a human action is meritorious or demeritorious before God according as it is good or evil? Question 022 — Question 22 — Of the Subject of the Soul’s Passions 4 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether any passion is in the soul? Article 2 — Whether passion is in the appetitive rather than in the apprehensive part? Article 3 — Whether passion is in the sensitive appetite rather than in the intellectual appetite? Question 023 — Question 23 — How the Passions Differ from One Another 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the passions are the same in the concupiscible and the irascible parts? Article 2 — Whether the contrariety of the irascible passions is based on the contrariety of good and evil? Article 3 — Whether every passion of the soul has a contrariety? Article 4 — Whether in the same power, there are any passions specifically different, but not contrary to one another? Question 024 — Question 24 — Of Good and Evil in the Passions of the Soul 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether moral good and evil can be found in the passions of the soul? Article 2 — Whether all the passions of the soul are morally evil? Article 3 — Whether passion increases or decreases the goodness or malice of an act? Article 4 — Whether any passion is morally good or evil according to its species? Question 025 — Question 25 — Of the Order of the Passions to One Another 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the irascible passions precede the concupiscible passions? Article 2 — Whether love is the first of the concupiscible passions? Article 3 — Whether hope is the first of the irascible passions? Article 4 — Whether these are the four principal passions: joy, sadness, hope and fear? Question 026 — Question 26 — Of Love 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether love is in the concupiscible power? Article 2 — Whether love is a passion? Article 3 — Whether love is the same as dilection? Article 4 — Whether love is properly divided into love of friendship and love of concupiscence? Question 027 — Question 27 — Of the Cause of Love 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether good is the only cause of love? Article 2 — Whether knowledge is a cause of love? Article 3 — Whether likeness is a cause of love? Article 4 — Whether any other passion of the soul is a cause of love? Question 028 — Question 28 — Of the Effects of Love 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether union is an effect of love? Article 2 — Whether mutual indwelling is an effect of love? Article 3 — Whether ecstasy is an effect of love? Article 4 — Whether zeal is an effect of love? Article 5 — Whether love is a passion that wounds the lover? Article 6 — Whether love is cause of all that the lover does? Question 029 — Question 29 — Of Hatred 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether evil is the cause and object of hatred? Article 2 — Whether love is a cause of hatred? Article 3 — Whether hatred is stronger than love? Article 4 — Whether a man can hate himself? Article 5 — Whether a man can hate the truth? Article 6 — Whether anything can be an object of universal hatred? Question 030 — Question 30 — Of Concupiscence 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether concupiscence is in the sensitive appetite only? Article 2 — Whether concupiscence is a specific passion of the concupsicible power? Article 3 — Whether some concupiscences are natural, and some not natural? Article 4 — Whether concupiscence is infinite? Question 031 — Question 31 — Of Delight Considered in Itself 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether delight is a passion? Article 2 — Whether delight is in time? Article 3 — Whether delight is the same as joy? Article 4 — Whether delight is in the intellectual appetite? Article 5 — Whether bodily and sensible pleasures are greater than spiritual and intellectual pleasures? Article 6 — Whether the pleasures of touch are greater than the pleasures afforded by the other senses? Article 7 — Whether any pleasure is not natural? Article 8 — Whether one pleasure can be contrary to another? Question 032 — Question 32 — Of the Causes of Pleasure 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether operation is the proper and first cause of pleasure? Article 2 — Whether movement is a cause of pleasure? Article 3 — Whether memory and hope cause pleasure? Article 4 — Whether sadness causes pleasure? Article 5 — Whether the actions of others are a cause of pleasure to us? Article 6 — Whether doing good to another is a cause of pleasure? Article 7 — Whether likeness is a cause of pleasure? Article 8 — Whether wonder is a cause of pleasure? Question 033 — Question 33 — Of the Effects of Pleasure 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether expansion is an effect of pleasure? Article 2 — Whether pleasure causes thirst or desire for itself? Article 3 — Whether pleasure hinders the use of reason? Article 4 — Whether pleasure perfects operation? Question 034 — Question 34 — Of the Goodness and Malice of Pleasures 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether every pleasure is evil? Article 2 — Whether every pleasure is good? Article 3 — Whether any pleasure is the greatest good? Article 4 — Whether pleasure is the measure or rule by which to judge of moral good or evil? Question 035 — Question 35 — Of Pain or Sorrow, in Itself 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether pain is a passion of the soul? Article 2 — Whether sorrow is the same as pain? Article 3 — Whether sorrow or pain is contrary to pleasure? Article 4 — Whether all sorrow is contrary to all pleasure? Article 5 — Whether there is any sorrow contrary to the pleasure of contemplation? Article 6 — Whether sorrow is to be shunned more than pleasure is to be sought? Article 7 — Whether outward pain is greater than interior sorrow? Article 8 — Whether Damascene’s division of sorrow into four species is incorrect; viz., into <i>torpor, distress (or</i> <i>anxiety)</i>, <i>pity</i>, and <i>envy?</i> Question 036 — Question 36 — Of the Causes of Sorrow or Pain 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether sorrow is caused by the loss of good or by the presence of evil? Article 2 — Whether desire is a cause of pain or sorrow? Article 3 — Whether the craving for unity is a cause of sorrow? Article 4 — Whether an greater power is a cause of sorrow? Question 037 — Question 37 — Of the Effects of Pain or Sorrow 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether pain deprives one of the power to learn? Article 2 — Whether the effect of sorrow or pain is to burden the soul? Article 3 — Whether sorrow or pain weakens all activity? Article 4 — Whether sorrow is the passion which does most harm to the body? Question 038 — Question 38 — Of the Remedies of Sorrow or Pain 6 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether pain or sorrow is assuaged by every pleasure? Article 2 — Whether sorrow is assuaged by tears? Article 3 — Whether sorrow is assuaged by the sympathy of friends? Article 4 — Whether sorrow is assuaged by the contemplation of truth? Article 5 — Whether sorrow is assuaged by sleep and baths? Question 039 — Question 39 — Of the Goodness and Malice of Sorrow or Pain 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether all sorrow is evil? Article 2 — Whether sorrow can be a virtuous good? Article 3 — Whether sorrow can be a useful good? Article 4 — Whether bodily pain is the greatest evil? Question 040 — Question 40 — Of the Irascible Passions, and First, of Hope and Despair 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether hope is the same as desire or cupidity? Article 2 — Whether hope is in the apprehensive or in the appetitive power? Article 3 — Whether hope is in dumb animals? Article 4 — Whether despair is contrary to hope? Article 5 — Whether experience is a cause of hope? Article 6 — Whether hope abounds in young men and drunkards? Article 7 — Whether hope is a cause of love? Article 8 — Whether hope is a help or a hindrance to action? Question 041 — Question 41 — Of Fear, in Itself 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether fear is a passion of the soul? Article 2 — Whether fear is a special passion? Article 3 — Whether there is a natural fear? Article 4 — Whether Damascene suitably assigns six species of fear: namely, <i>laziness, shamefacedness, shame, amazement, stupor, and anxiety?</i> Question 042 — Question 42 — Of the Object of Fear 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the object of fear is good? Article 2 — Whether evil of nature is an object of fear? Article 3 — Whether the evil of sin is an object of fear? Article 4 — Whether fear itself can be feared? Article 5 — Whether unwonted and sudden things are especially feared? Article 6 — Whether those things which have no remedy are more to be feared? Question 043 — Question 43 — Of the Cause of Fear 3 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether love is the cause of fear? Article 2 — Whether defect is the cause of fear? Question 044 — Question 44 — Of the Effects of Fear 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether fear causes contraction? Article 2 — Whether fear makes one suitable for counsel? Article 3 — Whether fear makes one tremble? Article 4 — Whether fear hinders action? Question 045 — Question 45 — Of Daring 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether daring is contrary to fear? Article 2 — Whether daring ensues from hope? Article 3 — Whether some defect is a cause of daring? Article 4 — Whether the brave are more eager at first than in the midst of danger? Question 046 — Question 46 — Of Anger, in Itself 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether anger is a special passion? Article 2 — Whether the object of anger is good or evil? Article 3 — Whether anger is in the concupiscible faculty? Article 4 — Whether anger requires an act of reason? Article 5 — Whether anger is more natural than desire? Article 6 — Whether anger is more grievous than hatred? Article 7 — Whether anger is only towards those to whom one has an obligation of justice? Article 8 — Whether Damascene suitably assigns three species of anger: namely, wrath, ill-will, and rancor? Question 047 — Question 47 — Of the Cause That Provokes Anger, and of the Remedies 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the motive of anger is always something done against the one who is angry? Article 2 — Whether the sole motive of anger is slight or contempt? Article 3 — Whether a man’s excellence is the cause of his being angry? Article 4 — Whether a person’s defect is a reason for being more easily angry with him? Question 048 — Question 48 — Of the Effects of Anger 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether anger causes pleasure? Article 2 — Whether anger above all causes fervor? Article 3 — Whether anger hinders the use of reason? Article 4 — Whether anger causes taciturnity? Question 049 — Question 49 — Of Habits in General, as to Their Substance 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether habit is a quality? Article 2 — Whether habit is a distinct species of quality? Article 3 — Whether habit implies order to an act? Article 4 — Whether habits are necessary? Question 050 — Question 50 — Of the Subject of Habits 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether there is a habit in the body? Article 2 — Whether habit is in the soul in respect of its essence or in respect of its power? Article 3 — Whether there can be any habits in the powers of the sensitive parts? Article 4 — Whether there is any habit in the intellect? Article 5 — Whether any habit is in the will? Article 6 — Whether there are habits in the angels? Question 051 — Question 51 — Of the Cause of Habits, as to Their Formation 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether any habit is from nature? Article 2 — Whether any habit is caused by acts? Article 3 — Whether a habit can be caused by one act? Article 4 — Whether any habits are infused in man by God? Question 052 — Question 52 — Of the Increase of Habits 4 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether habits can increase? Article 2 — Whether habits increases by addition? Article 3 — Whether every act increases its habit? Question 053 — Question 53 — How Habits are Corrupted or Diminished 4 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether a habit can be corrupted? Article 2 — Whether a habit can diminish? Article 3 — Whether a habit is corrupted or diminished through mere cessation from act? Question 054 — Question 54 — Of the Distinction of Habits 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether many habits can be in one power? Article 2 — Whether habits are distinguished by their objects? Article 3 — Whether habits are divided into good and bad? Article 4 — Whether one habit is made up of many habits? Question 055 — Question 55 — Of the Virtues, as to Their Essence 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether human virtue is a habit? Article 2 — Whether it is essential to human virtue to be an operative habit? Article 3 — Whether is essential to human virtue to be a good habit? Article 4 — Whether the definition of virtue is suitable: namely, that “virtue is a good quality of the mind by which we live righteously”? Question 056 — Question 56 — Of the Subject of Virtue 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the subject of virtue is a power of the soul? Article 2 — Whether one virtue can be in several powers? Article 3 — Whether the intellect can be the subject of virtue? Article 4 — Whether the irascible and concupiscible powers are the subject of virtue? Article 5 — Whether there can be virtue in the sensitive powers of apprehension? Article 6 — Whether the will can be the subject of virtue? Question 057 — Question 57 — Of the Intellectual Virtues 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the habits of the speculative intellect are virtues? Article 2 — Whether three habits of the speculative intellect are suitably distinguished: namely, wisdom, science and understanding? Article 3 — Whether art is an intellectual virtue? Article 4 — Whether prudence is a distinct virtue from art? Article 5 — Whether prudence is a virtue necessary to a good life? Article 6 — Whether eubulia, synesis, and gnome are virtues annexed to prudence? Question 058 — Question 58 — Of the Difference between Moral and Intellectual Virtues 6 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether every virtue is a moral virtue? Article 2 — Whether moral virtue differs from intellectual virtue? Article 3 — Whether human virtue is adequately divided into moral and intellectual? Article 4 — Whether there can be moral without intellectual virtue? Article 5 — Whether there can be intellectual without moral virtue? Question 059 — Question 59 — Of Moral Virtue in Relation to the Passions 6 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether moral virtue is a passion? Article 2 — Whether there can be moral virtue with passion? Article 3 — Whether sorrow is compatible with moral virtue? Article 4 — Whether all the moral virtues are about the passions? Article 5 — Whether there can be moral virtue without passion? Question 060 — Question 60 — How the Moral Virtues Differ from One Another 6 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether there is only one moral virtue? Article 2 — Whether moral virtues are divided into those about operations and those about passions? Article 3 — Whether there is only one moral virtue about operations? Article 4 — Whether there are different moral virtues about different passions? Article 5 — Whether the moral virtues differ according to the objects of the passions? Question 061 — Question 61 — Of the Cardinal Virtues 6 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the moral virtues should be called cardinal or principal virtues? Article 2 — Whether there are four cardinal virtues? Article 3 — Whether any other virtues should be called principal rather than these? Article 4 — Whether the four cardinal virtues differ from one another? Article 5 — Whether the cardinal virtues are fittingly divided into social virtues, perfecting, perfect, and exemplar Virtues? Question 062 — Question 62 — Of the Theological Virtues 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether there are any theological virtues? Article 2 — Whether the theological virtues are distinct from the intellectual and moral virtues? Article 3 — Whether faith, hope, and charity are fittingly reckoned as theological virtues? Article 4 — Whether faith precedes hope, and hope charity? Question 063 — Question 63 — Of the Cause of Virtues 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether virtue is in us by nature? Article 2 — Whether any virtue is caused in us by habituation? Article 3 — Whether any virtues other than the theological virtues are infused in us by God? Article 4 — Whether virtue by habituation belongs to the same species as infused virtue? Question 064 — Question 64 — Of the Mean of Virtue 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether moral virtues observe the mean? Article 2 — Whether the mean of moral virtue is the real mean, or the rational mean? Article 3 — Whether the intellectual virtues observe the mean? Article 4 — Whether the theological virtues observe the mean? Question 065 — Question 65 — Of the Connection of Virtues 6 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the moral virtues are connected with one another? Article 2 — Whether moral virtues can be without charity? Article 3 — Whether charity can be without moral virtue? Article 4 — Whether faith and hope can be without charity? Article 5 — Whether charity can be without faith and hope? Question 066 — Question 66 — Of Equality among the Virtues 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether one virtue can be greater or less than another? Article 2 — Whether all the virtues that are together in one man, are equal? Article 3 — Whether the moral virtues are better than the intellectual virtues? Article 4 — Whether justice is the chief of the moral virtues? Article 5 — Whether wisdom is the greatest of the intellectual virtues? Article 6 — Whether charity is the greatest of the theological virtues? Question 067 — Question 67 — Of the Duration of Virtues after This Life 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the moral virtues remain after this life? Article 2 — Whether the intellectual virtues remain after this life? Article 3 — Whether faith remains after this life? Article 4 — Whether hope remains after death, in the state of glory? Article 5 — Whether anything of faith or hope remains in glory? Article 6 — Whether charity remains after this life, in glory? Question 068 — Question 68 — Of the Gifts 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the gifts differ from the virtues? Article 2 — Whether the gifts are necessary to man for salvation? Article 3 — Whether the gifts of the Holy Spirit are habits? Article 4 — Whether the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit are suitably enumerated? Article 5 — Whether the gifts of the Holy Spirit are connected? Article 6 — Whether the gifts of the Holy Spirit remain in heaven? Article 7 — Whether the gifts are set down by Isaias in their order of dignity? Article 8 — Whether the virtues are more excellent than the gifts? Question 069 — Question 69 — Of the Beatitudes 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the beatitudes differ from the virtues and gifts? Article 2 — Whether the rewards assigned to the beatitudes refer to this life? Article 3 — Whether the beatitudes are suitably enumerated? Article 4 — Whether the rewards of the beatitudes are suitably enumerated? Question 070 — Question 70 — Of the Fruits of the Holy Spirit 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the fruits of the Holy Spirit which the Apostle enumerates are acts? Article 2 — Whether the fruits differ from the beatitudes? Article 3 — Whether the Apostle suitably enumerates twelve fruits? Article 4 — Whether the fruits of the Holy Spirit are contrary to the works of the flesh? Question 071 — Question 71 — Of Vice and Sin Considered in Themselves 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether vice is contrary to virtue? Article 2 — Whether vice is contrary to nature? Article 3 — Whether vice is worse than a vicious act? Article 4 — Whether a vicious act, or sin, is compatible with virtue? Article 5 — Whether every sin includes an action? Article 6 — Whether sin is fittingly defined as “a word, deed, or desire contrary to the eternal law”? Question 072 — Question 72 — Of the Distinction of Sins 10 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether sins differ in species according to their objects? Article 2 — Whether spiritual sins are fittingly distinguished from carnal sins? Article 3 — Whether sins differ specifically in reference to their causes? Article 4 — Whether sin is fittingly divided into sin against God, against oneself, and against one’s neighbor? Article 5 — Whether the division of sins according to their debt of punishment diversifies their species? Article 6 — Whether sins of commission and omission differ specifically? Article 7 — Whether sins are fittingly divided into sins of thought, word, and deed? Article 8 — Whether excess and deficiency diversify the species of sins? Article 9 — Whether sins differ specifically in respect of different circumstances? Question 073 — Question 73 — Of the Comparison of One Sin with Another 11 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether all sins are connected with one another? Article 2 — Whether all sins are equal? Article 3 — Whether the gravity of sins varies according to their objects? Article 4 — Whether the gravity of sins depends on the excellence of the virtues to which they are opposed? Article 5 — Whether carnal sins are of less guilt than spiritual sins? Article 6 — Whether the gravity of a sin depends on its cause? Article 7 — Whether a circumstance aggravates a sin? Article 8 — Whether sin’s gravity is aggravated by reason of its causing more harm? Article 9 — Whether a sin is aggravated by reason of the condition of the person against whom it is committed? Article 10 — Whether the excellence of the person sinning aggravates the sin? Question 074 — Question 74 — Of the Subject of Sin 11 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the will can be a subject of sin? Article 2 — Whether the will alone is the subject of sin? Article 3 — Whether there can be sin in the sensuality? Article 4 — Whether mortal sin can be in the sensuality? Article 5 — Whether sin can be in the reason? Article 6 — Whether the sin of morose delectation is in the reason? Article 7 — Whether the sin of consent to the act is in the higher reason? Article 8 — Whether consent to delectation is a mortal sin? Article 9 — Whether there can be venial sin in the higher reason as directing the lower powers? Article 10 — Whether venial sin can be in the higher reason as such? Question 075 — Question 75 — Of the Causes of Sin, in General 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether sin has a cause? Article 2 — Whether sin has an internal cause? Article 3 — Whether sin has an external cause? Article 4 — Whether one sin is a cause of another? Question 076 — Question 76 — Of the Causes of Sin, in Particular 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether ignorance can be a cause of sin? Article 2 — Whether ignorance is a sin? Article 3 — Whether ignorance excuses from sin altogether? Article 4 — Whether ignorance diminishes a sin? Question 077 — Question 77 — Of the Cause of Sin, on the Part of the Sensitive Appetite 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the will is moved by a passion of the sensitive appetite? Article 2 — Whether the reason can be overcome by a passion against its knowledge? Article 3 — Whether a sin committed through passion should be called a sin of weakness? Article 4 — Whether self-love is the source of every sin? Article 5 — Whether concupiscence of the flesh, concupiscence of the eyes, and pride of life are fittingly described as causes of sin? Article 6 — Whether sin is alleviated on account of a passion? Article 7 — Whether passion excuses from sin altogether? Article 8 — Whether a sin committed through passion can be mortal? Question 078 — Question 78 — Of That Cause of Sin Which is Malice 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether anyone sins purposely, or through certain malice? Article 2 — Whether everyone who sins through habit, sins through certain malice? Article 3 — Whether one who sins through certain malice, sins through habit? Article 4 — Whether he who sins through certain malice is worse than he who sins through passion? Question 079 — Question 79 — Of the External Causes of Sin 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether God is a cause of sin? Article 2 — Whether the act of sin is from God? Article 3 — Whether God is the cause of spiritual blindness and hardness of heart? Article 4 — Whether blindness and hardness of heart are directed to the salvation of those who are blinded and hardened? Question 080 — Question 80 — Of the Cause of Sin, as Regards the Devil 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the devil is directly the cause of man’s sinning? Article 2 — Whether the devil can induce man to sin, by internal instigations? Article 3 — Whether the devil can induce man to sin of necessity? Article 4 — Whether all the sins of men are due to the devil’s suggestion? Question 081 — Question 81 — Of the Cause of Sin, on the Part of Man 6 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the first sin of our first parent is contracted by his descendants, by way of origin? Article 2 — Whether also other sins of the first parent or of nearer ancestors are transmitted to their descendants? Article 3 — Whether the sin of the first parent is transmitted, by the way of origin, to all men? Article 4 — Whether original sin would be contracted by a person formed miraculously from human flesh? Article 5 — Whether if Eve, and not Adam, had sinned, their children would have contracted original sin? Question 082 — Question 82 — Of Original Sin, as to Its Essence 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether original sin is a habit? Article 2 — Whether there are several original sins in one man? Article 3 — Whether original sin is concupiscence? Article 4 — Whether original sin is equally in all? Question 083 — Question 83 — Of the Subject of Original Sin 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether original sin is more in the flesh than in the soul? Article 2 — Whether original sin is in the essence of the soul rather than in the powers? Article 3 — Whether original sin infects the will before the other powers? Article 4 — Whether the aforesaid powers are more infected than the others? Question 084 — Question 84 — Of the Cause of Sin 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether covetousness is the root of all sins? Article 2 — Whether pride is the beginning of every sin? Article 3 — Whether any other special sins, besides pride and avarice, should be called capital? Article 4 — Whether the seven capital vices are suitably reckoned: vainglory, envy, anger, sloth, covetousness, gluttony, and lust? Question 085 — Question 85 — Of the Effects of Sin 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether sin diminishes the good of nature? Article 2 — Whether the entire good of human nature can be destroyed by sin? Article 3 — Whether weakness, ignorance, malice and concupiscence are suitably reckoned as the wounds of nature consequent upon sin? Article 4 — Whether privation of mode, species and order is the effect of sin? Article 5 — Whether death and other bodily defects are the result of sin? Article 6 — Whether death and other defects are natural to man? Question 086 — Question 86 — Of the Stain of Sin 3 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether sin causes a stain on the soul? Article 2 — Whether the stain remains in the soul after the act of sin? Question 087 — Question 87 — Of the Debt of Punishment 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the debt of punishment is an effect of sin? Article 2 — Whether sin can be the punishment of sin? Article 3 — Whether any sin incurs a debt of eternal punishment? Article 4 — Whether sin incurs a debt of punishment infinite in quantity? Article 5 — Whether every sin incurs a debt of eternal punishment? Article 6 — Whether the debt of punishment remains after sin? Article 7 — Whether every punishment is inflicted for a sin? Article 8 — Whether anyone is punished for another’s sin? Question 088 — Question 88 — Of Venial and Mortal Sin 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether venial sin is fittingly condivided with mortal sin? Article 2 — Whether mortal and venial sin differ generically? Article 3 — Whether venial sin is a disposition to mortal sin? Article 4 — Whether a venial sin can become mortal? Article 5 — Whether a circumstance can make a venial sin to be mortal? Article 6 — Whether a mortal sin can become venial? Question 089 — Question 89 — Of Venial Sin in Itself 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether venial sin causes a stain on the soul? Article 2 — Whether venial sins are suitably designated as wood, hay, and stubble? Article 3 — Whether man could commit a venial sin in the state of innocence? Article 4 — Whether a good or a wicked angel can sin venially? Article 5 — Whether the first movements of the sensuality in unbelievers are mortal sin? Article 6 — Whether venial sin can be in anyone with original sin alone? Question 090 — Question 90 — Of the Essence of Law 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether law is something of reason? Article 2 — Whether the law is always something directed to the common good? Article 3 — Whether the reason of any man is competent to make laws? Article 4 — Whether promulgation is essential to a law? Question 091 — Question 91 — Of the Various Kinds of Law 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether there is an eternal law? Article 2 — Whether there is in us a natural law? Article 3 — Whether there is a human law? Article 4 — Whether there was any need for a divine law? Article 5 — Whether there is but one divine law? Article 6 — Whether there is a law in the fomes of sin? Question 092 — Question 92 — Of the Effects of Law 3 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether an effect of law is to make men good? Article 2 — Whether the acts of law are suitably assigned as consisting in command, prohibition, permission and punishment? Question 093 — Question 93 — Of the Eternal Law 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the eternal law is a sovereign type existing in God? Article 2 — Whether the eternal law is known to all? Article 3 — Whether every law is derived from the eternal law? Article 4 — Whether necessary and eternal things are subject to the eternal law? Article 5 — Whether natural contingents are subject to the eternal law? Article 6 — Whether all human affairs are subject to the eternal law? Question 094 — Question 94 — Of the Natural Law 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the natural law is a habit? Article 2 — Whether the natural law contains several precepts, or only one? Article 3 — Whether all acts of virtue are prescribed by the natural law? Article 4 — Whether the natural law is the same in all men? Article 5 — Whether the natural law can be changed? Article 6 — Whether the law of nature can be abolished from the heart of man? Question 095 — Question 95 — Of Human Law 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it was useful for laws to be framed by men? Article 2 — Whether every human law is derived from the natural law? Article 3 — Whether Isidore’s description of the quality of positive law is appropriate? Article 4 — Whether Isidore’s division of human laws is appropriate? Question 096 — Question 96 — Of the Power of Human Law 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether human law should be framed for the community rather than for the individual? Article 2 — Whether it belongs to the human law to repress all vices? Article 3 — Whether human law prescribes acts of all the virtues? Article 4 — Whether human law binds a man in conscience? Article 5 — Whether all are subject to the law? Article 6 — Whether he who is under a law may act beside the letter of the law? Question 097 — Question 97 — Of Change in Laws 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether human law should be changed in any way? Article 2 — Whether human law should always be changed, whenever something better occurs? Article 3 — Whether custom can obtain force of law, or abolish a law? Article 4 — Whether the rulers of the people can dispense from human laws? Question 098 — Question 98 — Of the Old Law 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the Old Law was good? Article 2 — Whether the Old Law was from God? Article 3 — Whether the Old Law was given through the angels, or immediately by God? Article 4 — Whether the Old Law should have been given to the Jews alone? Article 5 — Whether all men were bound to observe the Old Law? Article 6 — Whether the Old Law was suitably given at the time of Moses? Question 099 — Question 99 — Of the Precepts of the Old Law 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the Old Law contains only one precept? Article 2 — Whether the Old Law contains moral precepts? Article 3 — Whether the Old Law comprises ceremonial, besides moral, precepts? Article 4 — Whether, besides the moral and ceremonial precepts, there are also judicial precepts? Article 5 — Whether the Old Law contains any others besides the moral, judicial, and ceremonial Precepts? Article 6 — Whether the Old Law should have induced men to the observance of its precepts by means of temporal promises and threats? Question 100 — Question 100 — Of the Moral Precepts of the Old Law 13 chapters Question 101 — Question 101 — Of the Ceremonial Precepts in Themselves 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the nature of the ceremonial precepts consists in their pertaining to the worship of God? Article 2 — Whether the ceremonial precepts are figurative? Article 3 — Whether there should have been many ceremonial precepts? Article 4 — Whether the ceremonies of the Old Law are suitably divided into sacrifices, sacred things, sacraments, and observances? Question 102 — Question 102 — Of the Causes of the Ceremonial Precepts 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether there was any cause for the ceremonial precepts? Article 2 — Whether the ceremonial precepts have a literal cause or merely a figurative cause? Article 3 — Whether a suitable cause can be assigned for the ceremonies which pertained to sacrifices? Article 4 — Whether sufficient reason can be assigned for the ceremonies pertaining to holy things? Article 5 — Whether there can be a suitable cause for the sacraments of the Old Law? Article 6 — Whether there was any reasonable cause for the ceremonial observances? Question 103 — Question 103 — Of the Duration of the Ceremonial Precepts 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the ceremonies of the Law were in existence before the Law? Article 2 — Whether, at the time of the Law, the ceremonies of the Old Law had any power of justification? Article 3 — Whether the ceremonies of the Old Law ceased at the coming of Christ? Article 4 — Whether since Christ’s passion the legal ceremonies can be observed without committing mortal sin? Question 104 — Question 104 — Of the Judicial Precepts 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the judicial precepts were those which directed man in relation to his neighbor? Article 2 — Whether the judicial precepts were figurative? Article 3 — Whether the judicial precepts of the Old Law bind forever? Article 4 — Whether it is possible to assign a distinct division of the judicial precepts? Question 105 — Question 105 — Of the Reason for the Judicial Precepts 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the Old Law enjoined fitting precepts concerning rulers? Article 2 — Whether the judicial precepts were suitably framed as to the relations of one man with another? Article 3 — Whether the judicial precepts regarding foreigners were framed in a suitable manner? Article 4 — Whether the Old Law set forth suitable precepts about the members of the household? Question 106 — Question 106 — Of the Law of the Gospel, Called the New Law 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the New Law is a written law? Article 2 — Whether the New Law justifies? Article 3 — Whether the New Law should have been given from the beginning of the world? Article 4 — Whether the New Law will last until the end of the world? Question 107 — Question 107 — Of the New Law as Compared with the Old 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the New Law is distinct from the Old Law? Article 2 — Whether the New Law fulfils the Old? Article 3 — Whether the New Law is contained in the Old? Article 4 — Whether the New Law is more burdensome than the Old? Question 108 — Question 108 — Of Those Things That Are Contained in the New Law 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the New Law ought to prescribe or prohibit any external acts? Article 2 — Whether the New Law made sufficient ordinations about external acts? Article 3 — Whether the New Law directed man sufficiently as regards interior actions? Article 4 — Whether certain definite counsels are fittingly proposed in the New Law? Question 109 — Question 109 — Of the Necessity of Grace 11 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether without grace man can know any truth? Article 2 — Whether man can will or do any good without grace? Article 3 — Whether by his own natural powers and without grace man can love God above all things? Article 4 — Whether man without grace and by his own natural powers can fulfill the commandments of the Law? Article 5 — Whether man can merit everlasting life without grace? Article 6 — Whether a man, by himself and without the external aid of grace, can prepare himself for grace? Article 7 — Whether man can rise from sin without the help of grace? Article 8 — Whether man without grace can avoid sin? Article 9 — Whether one who has already obtained grace can do good and avoid sin by himself and without further help of grace? Article 10 — Whether man possessed of grace needs the help of grace in order to persevere? Question 110 — Question 110 — Of the Grace of God as Regards Its Essence 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether grace implies anything in the soul? Article 2 — Whether grace is a quality of the soul? Article 3 — Whether grace is the same as virtue? Article 4 — Whether grace is in the essence of the soul as in a subject, or in one of the powers? Question 111 — Question 111 — Of the Division of Grace 6 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether grace is fittingly divided into sanctifying grace and gratuitous grace? Article 2 — Whether grace is fittingly divided into operating and cooperating grace? Article 3 — Whether grace is fittingly divided into prevenient and subsequent grace? Article 4 — Whether gratuitous grace is rightly divided by the Apostle? Article 5 — Whether gratuitous grace is nobler than sanctifying grace? Question 112 — Question 112 — Of the Cause of Grace 6 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether God alone is the cause of grace? Article 2 — Whether any preparation and disposition for grace is required on man’s part? Article 3 — Whether grace is necessarily given to whoever prepares himself for it, or to whoever does what he can? Article 4 — Whether grace is greater in one than in another? Article 5 — Whether man can know that he has grace? Question 113 — Question 113 — Of the Effects of Grace 11 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the justification of the ungodly is the remission of sins? Article 2 — Whether the infusion of grace is required for the remission of guilt, which is the justification of the ungodly? Article 3 — Whether a movement of the free-will is required for the justification of the ungodly? Article 4 — Whether a movement of faith is required for the justification of the ungodly? Article 5 — Whether for the justification of the ungodly there is required a movement of the free-will regarding sin? Article 6 — Whether the remission of sins ought to be reckoned amongst the things required for justification? Article 7 — Whether the justification of the ungodly takes place in an instant or successively? Article 8 — Whether the infusion of grace is naturally the first of the things required for the justification of the ungodly? Article 9 — Whether the justification of the ungodly is God’s greatest work? Article 10 — Whether the justification of the ungodly is a miraculous work? Question 114 — Question 114 — Of Merit 11 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether a man may merit anything from God? Article 2 — Whether anyone without grace can merit eternal life? Article 3 — Whether a man in grace can merit eternal life condignly? Article 4 — Whether grace is the principle of merit through charity rather than the other virtues? Article 5 — Whether a man may merit for himself the first grace? Article 6 — Whether a man can merit the first grace for another? Article 7 — Whether a man may merit restoration after a fall? Article 8 — Whether a man may merit the increase of grace or charity? Article 9 — Whether a man may merit perseverance? Article 10 — Whether temporal goods fall under merit?
