Summa Theologiae Part III — Third Part Question 001 — Question 1 — The Fitness of the Incarnation 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it was fitting that God should become incarnate? Article 2 — Whether it was necessary for the restoration of the human race that the Word of God should become incarnate? Article 3 — Whether, if man had not sinned, God would have become incarnate? Article 4 — Whether God became incarnate in order to take away actual sin, rather than to take away original sin? Article 5 — Whether it was fitting that God should become incarnate in the beginning of the human race? Article 6 — Whether the Incarnation ought to have been put off till the end of the world? Question 002 — Question 2 — The Mode of Union of the Word Incarnate 13 chapters Question 003 — Question 3 — The Mode of Union on the Part of the Person Assuming 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it is befitting for a Divine Person to assume a created nature? Article 2 — Whether it is befitting to the Divine Nature to assume? Article 3 — Whether the nature abstracted from the personality can assume? Article 4 — Whether one person without another can assume a created nature? Article 5 — Whether any other Divine Person could have assumed human nature, beside the Person of the Son? Article 6 — Whether two Divine Persons can assume one and the same individual nature? Article 7 — Whether one Divine Person can assume two human natures? Article 8 — Whether it was more fitting that the Person of the Son should assume human nature rather than the Father or Holy Spirit? Question 004 — Question 4 — The Mode of Union on the Part of the Human Nature 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether human nature was more assumable by the Son of God than any other nature? Article 2 — Whether the Son of God assumed a person? Article 3 — Whether the Divine Person assumed a man? Article 4 — Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed human nature abstracted from all individuals? Article 5 — Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed human nature in all individuals? Article 6 — Whether it was fitting for the Son of God to assume human nature of the stock of Adam? Question 005 — Question 5 — The Parts of Human Nature Which Were Assumed 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed a true body? Article 2 — Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed a carnal or earthly body? Article 3 — Whether the Son of God assumed a soul? Article 4 — Whether the Son of God assumed a human mind or intellect? Question 006 — Question 6 — The Order of Assumption 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the Son of God assumed flesh through the medium of the soul? Article 2 — Whether the Son of God assumed a soul through the medium of the spirit or mind? Article 3 — Whether the soul was assumed before the flesh by the Son of God? Article 4 — Whether the flesh of Christ was assumed by the Word before being united to the soul? Article 5 — Whether the whole human nature was assumed through the medium of the parts? Article 6 — Whether the Son of God assumed human nature through the medium of grace? Question 007 — Question 7 — The Grace of Christ as an Individual Man 14 chapters Question 008 — Question 8 — The Grace of Christ, as He is the Head of the Church 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ, as man, is the head of the Church? Article 2 — Whether Christ is the head of men as to their bodies? Article 3 — Whether Christ is the head of all men? Article 4 — Whether Christ, as man, is the head of the angels? Article 5 — Whether the grace of Christ, as head of the Church, is the same as his habitual grace, inasmuch as he is man? Article 6 — Whether it is proper to Christ to be head of the Church? Article 7 — Whether the devil is the head of all the wicked? Article 8 — Whether Antichrist may be called the head of the wicked? Question 009 — Question 9 — Christ’s Knowledge in General 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ had any knowledge besides the Divine? Article 2 — Whether Christ had the knowledge which the blessed or comprehensors have? Article 3 — Whether Christ had an infused knowledge, besides beatific knowledge? Article 4 — Whether Christ had any empiric and acquired knowledge? Question 010 — Question 10 — The Beatific Knowledge of Christ’s Soul 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the soul of Christ comprehended the Word or the Divine Essence? Article 2 — Whether the Son of God knew all things in the Word? Article 3 — Whether the soul of Christ can know the infinite in the Word? Article 4 — Whether the soul of Christ sees the Word more clearly than does any other creature? Question 011 — Question 11 — The Knowledge Imprinted or Infused in the Soul of Christ 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether by this knowledge Christ knew all things? Article 2 — Whether Christ could understand by this knowledge by not turning to phantasms? Article 3 — Whether the soul of Christ had this knowlege by way of comparison? Article 4 — Whether in Christ this knowledge was greater than in the Angels? Article 5 — Whether this knowledge was habitual in Christ? Article 6 — Whether in the soul of Christ there was but one habit of knowledge? Question 012 — Question 12 — The Acquired or Empiric Knowledge of Christ’s Soul 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ knew all things by this knowledge? Article 2 — Whether Christ advanced in this knowledge? Article 3 — Whether Christ learned anything from man? Article 4 — Whether Christ received knowledge from the angels? Question 013 — Question 13 — The Power of Christ’s Soul 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence? Article 2 — Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence with regard to the transmutation of creatures? Article 3 — Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence with regard to his own body? Article 4 — Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence as regards the execution of his will? Question 014 — Question 14 — The Defects of Body Assumed by the Son of God 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the Son of God in human nature ought to have assumed defects of body? Article 2 — Whether Christ was of necessity subject to these defects? Article 3 — Whether Christ contracted these defects? Article 4 — Whether Christ ought to have assumed all the bodily defects of men? Question 015 — Question 15 — The Defects of Soul Assumed by Christ 11 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether there was sin in Christ? Article 2 — Whether there was the fomes of sin in Christ? Article 3 — Whether in Christ there was ignorance? Article 4 — Whether Christ’s soul was passible? Article 5 — Whether there was true sensible pain in Christ? Article 6 — Whether there was sorrow in Christ? Article 7 — Whether there was fear in Christ? Article 8 — Whether there was wonder in Christ? Article 9 — Whether there was anger in Christ? Article 10 — Whether Christ was at once a wayfarer and a comprehensor? Question 016 — Question 16 — Christ in His Being and Becoming 13 chapters Question 017 — Question 17 — Christ’s Unity of Being 3 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ is one or two? Article 2 — Whether there is only one being in Christ? Question 018 — Question 18 — Christ’s Unity of Will 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether there are two wills in Christ, one divine and the other human? Article 2 — Whether in Christ there was a will of sensuality besides the will of reason? Article 3 — Whether in Christ there were two wills as regards the reason? Article 4 — Whether there was free-will in Christ? Article 5 — Whether the human will of Christ willed anything except what God wills? Article 6 — Whether there was contrariety of wills in Christ? Question 019 — Question 19 — The Unity of Christ’s Operation 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether in Christ there is only one operation of the godhead and manhood? Article 2 — Whether in Christ there are several human operations? Article 3 — Whether the human action of Christ could be meritorious to him? Article 4 — Whether Christ could merit for others? Question 020 — Question 20 — Christ’s Subjection to the Father 3 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether we may say that Christ is subject to the Father? Article 2 — Whether Christ is subject to himself? Question 021 — Question 21 — Christ’s Prayer 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it is becoming of Christ to pray? Article 2 — Whether it pertains to Christ to pray according to his sensuality? Article 3 — Whether it was fitting that Christ should pray for himself? Article 4 — Whether Christ’s prayer was always heard? Question 022 — Question 22 — The Priesthood of Christ 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it is fitting that Christ should be a priest? Article 2 — Whether Christ was himself both priest and victim? Article 3 — Whether the effect of Christ’s priesthood is the expiation of sins? Article 4 — Whether the effect of the priesthood of Christ pertained not only to others, but also to himself? Article 5 — Whether the priesthood of Christ endures for ever? Article 6 — Whether the priesthood of Christ was according to the order of Melchisedech? Question 023 — Question 23 — Adoption as Befitting to Christ 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it is fitting that God should adopt sons? Article 2 — Whether it is fitting that the whole Trinity should adopt? Article 3 — Whether it is proper to the rational nature to be adopted? Article 4 — Whether Christ as man is the adopted Son of God? Question 024 — Question 24 — The Predestination of Christ 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it is befitting that Christ should be predestined? Article 2 — Whether this proposition is false: “<i>Christ as man was predestined to be the Son of God”</i>? Article 3 — Whether Christ’s predestination is the exemplar of ours? Article 4 — Whether Christ’s predestination is the cause of ours? Question 025 — Question 25 — The Adoration of Christ 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ’s humanity and Godhead are to be adored with the same adoration? Article 2 — Whether Christ’s humanity should be adored with the adoration of latria? Article 3 — Whether the image of Christ should be adored with the adoration of latria? Article 4 — Whether Christ’s cross should be worshipped with the adoration of latria? Article 5 — Whether the Mother of God should be worshipped with the adoration of latria? Article 6 — Whether any kind of worship is due to the relics of the saints? Question 026 — Question 26 — Christ as Called the Mediator of God and Man 3 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it is proper to Christ to be the mediator of God and man? Article 2 — Whether Christ, as man, is the mediator of God and men? Question 027 — Question 27 — The Sanctification of the Blessed Virgin 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the Blessed Virgin was sanctified before her birth from the womb? Article 2 — Whether the Blessed Virgin was sanctified before animation? Article 3 — Whether the Blessed Virgin was cleansed from the infection of the fomes? Article 4 — Whether by being sanctified in the womb the Blessed Virgin was preserved from all actual sin? Article 5 — Whether, by her sanctification in the womb, the Blessed Virgin received the fullness of grace? Article 6 — Whether after Christ, it was proper to the Blessed Virgin to be sanctified in the womb? Question 028 — Question 28 — The Virginity of the Mother of God 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the Mother of God was a virgin in conceiving Christ? Article 2 — Whether Christ’s Mother was a virgin in his birth? Article 3 — Whether Christ’s Mother remained a virgin after his birth? Article 4 — Whether the Mother of God took a vow of virginity? Question 029 — Question 29 — The Espousals of the Mother of God 3 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ should have been born of an espoused virgin? Article 2 — Whether there was a true marriage between Mary and Joseph? Question 030 — Question 30 — The Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it was necessary to announce to the Blessed Virgin that which was to be done in her? Article 2 — Whether the Annunciation should have been made by an angel to the Blessed Virgin? Article 3 — Whether the angel of the Annunciation should have appeared to the Virgin in a bodily vision? Article 4 — Whether the Annunciation took place in becoming order? Question 031 — Question 31 — The Matter from Which the Savior’s Body was Conceived 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the flesh of Christ was derived from Adam? Article 2 — Whether Christ took flesh of the seed of David? Article 3 — Whether Christ’s genealogy is suitably traced by the Evangelists? Article 4 — Whether the matter of Christ’s body should have been taken from a woman? Article 5 — Whether the flesh of Christ was conceived of the Virgin’s purest blood? Article 6 — Whether Christ’s body was in Adam and the other patriarchs, as to something signate? Article 7 — Whether Christ’s flesh in the patriarchs was infected by sin? Article 8 — Whether Christ paid tithes in Abraham’s loins? Question 032 — Question 32 — The Active Principle in Christ’s Conception 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the accomplishment of Christ’s conception should be attributed to the Holy Spirit? Article 2 — Whether it should be said that Christ was conceived of the Holy Spirit? Article 3 — Whether the Holy Spirit should be called Christ’s father in respect of his humanity? Article 4 — Whether the Blessed Virgin cooperated actively in the conception of Christ’s body? Question 033 — Question 33 — The Mode and Order of Christ’s Conception 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ’s body was formed in the first instant of its conception? Article 2 — Whether Christ’s body was animated in the first instant of its conception? Article 3 — Whether Christ’s flesh was first of all conceived and afterwards assumed? Article 4 — Whether Christ’s conception was natural? Question 034 — Question 34 — The Perfection of the Child Conceived 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ was sanctified in the first instant of his conception? Article 2 — Whether Christ as man had the use of free-will in the first instant of his conception? Article 3 — Whether Christ could merit in the first instant of his conception? Article 4 — Whether Christ was a perfect comprehensor in the first instant of his conception? Question 035 — Question 35 — Christ’s Nativity 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether nativity regards the nature rather than the person? Article 2 — Whether a temporal nativity should be attributed to Christ? Article 3 — Whether the Blessed Virgin can be called Christ’s Mother in respect of his temporal nativity? Article 4 — Whether the Blessed Virgin should be called the Mother of God? Article 5 — Whether there are two filiations in Christ? Article 6 — Whether Christ was born without his Mother suffering? Article 7 — Whether Christ should have been born in Bethlehem? Article 8 — Whether Christ was born at a fitting time? Question 036 — Question 36 — The Manifestation of the Newly Born Christ 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ’s birth should have been made known to all? Article 2 — Whether Christ’s birth should have been made known to some? Article 3 — Whether those to whom Christ’s birth was made known were suitably chosen? Article 4 — Whether Christ himself should have made his birth known? Article 5 — Whether Christ’s birth should have been manifested by means of the angels and the star? Article 6 — Whether Christ’s birth was made known in a becoming order? Article 7 — Whether the star which appeared to the Magi belonged to the heavenly system? Article 8 — Whether it was becoming that the Magi should come to adore Christ and pay homage to him? Question 037 — Question 37 — Christ’s Circumcision 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ should have been circumcised? Article 2 — Whether a suitable name was given to Christ? Article 3 — Whether Christ was becomingly presented in the Temple? Article 4 — Whether it was fitting that the Mother of God should go to the Temple to be purified? Question 038 — Question 38 — The Baptism of John 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it was fitting that John should baptize? Article 2 — Whether the baptism of John was from God? Article 3 — Whether grace was given in the baptism of John? Article 4 — Whether Christ alone should have been baptized with the baptism of John? Article 5 — Whether John’s baptism should have ceased after Christ was baptized? Article 6 — Whether those who had been baptized with John’s baptism had to be baptized with the baptism of Christ? Question 039 — Question 39 — The Baptizing of Christ 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it was fitting that Christ should be baptized? Article 2 — Whether it was fitting for Christ to be baptized with John’s baptism? Article 3 — Whether Christ was baptized at a fitting time? Article 4 — Whether Christ should have been baptized in the Jordan? Article 5 — Whether the heavens should have been opened unto Christ at his baptism? Article 6 — Whether it is fitting to say that when Christ was baptized the Holy Spirit came down on him in the form of a dove? Article 7 — Whether the dove in which the Holy Spirit appeared was real? Article 8 — Whether it was becoming, when Christ was baptized, that the Father’s voice should be heard, bearing witness to the Son? Question 040 — Question 40 — Christ’s Manner of Life 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ should have associated with men, or led a solitary life? Article 2 — Whether it was becoming that Christ should lead an austere life in this world? Article 3 — Whether Christ should have led a life of poverty in this world? Article 4 — Whether Christ conformed his conduct to the law? Question 041 — Question 41 — Christ’s Temptation 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it was becoming that Christ should be tempted? Article 2 — Whether Christ should have been tempted in the desert? Article 3 — Whether Christ’s temptation should have taken place after his fast? Article 4 — Whether the mode and order of the temptation were becoming? Question 042 — Question 42 — Christ’s Doctrine 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ should have preached not only to the Jews, but also to the Gentiles? Article 2 — Whether Christ should have preached to the Jews without offending them? Article 3 — Whether Christ should have taught all things openly? Article 4 — Whether Christ should have committed his doctrine to writing? Question 043 — Question 43 — The Miracles Worked by Christ, in General 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ should have worked miracles? Article 2 — Whether Christ worked miracles by Divine power? Article 3 — Whether Christ began to work miracles when he changed water into wine at the marriage feast? Article 4 — Whether the miracles which Christ worked were a sufficient proof of his Godhead? Question 044 — Question 44 — Christ’s Miracles Considered Specifically 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether those miracles were fitting which Christ worked in spiritual substances? Article 2 — Whether it was fitting that Christ should work miracles in the heavenly bodies? Article 3 — Whether Christ worked miracles fittingly on men? Article 4 — Whether Christ worked miracles fittingly on irrational creatures? Question 045 — Question 45 — Christ’s Transfiguration 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it was fitting that Christ should be transfigured? Article 2 — Whether this clarity was the clarity of glory? Article 3 — Whether the witnesses of the transfiguration were fittingly chosen? Article 4 — Whether the testimony of the Father’s voice, saying, “this is my beloved Son,” was fittingly added? Question 046 — Question 46 — The Passion of Christ 13 chapters Question 047 — Question 47 — The Efficient Cause of Christ’s Passion 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ was slain by another or by himself? Article 2 — Whether Christ died out of obedience? Article 3 — Whether God the Father delivered up Christ to the Passion? Article 4 — Whether it was fitting for Christ to suffer at the hands of the Gentiles? Article 5 — Whether Christ’s persecutors knew who he was? Article 6 — Whether the sin of those who crucified Christ was most grievous? Question 048 — Question 48 — The Efficiency of Christ’s Passion 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ’s Passion brought about our salvation by way of merit? Article 2 — Whether Christ’s Passion brought about our salvation by way of atonement? Article 3 — Whether Christ’s Passion operated by way of sacrifice? Article 4 — Whether Christ’s Passion brought about our salvation by way of redemption? Article 5 — Whether it is proper to Christ to be the Redeemer? Article 6 — Whether Christ’s passion brought about our salvation efficiently? Question 049 — Question 49 — The Effects of Christ’s Passion 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether we were delivered from sin through Christ’s Passion? Article 2 — Whether we were delivered from the devil’s power through Christ’s Passion? Article 3 — Whether men were freed from the punishment of sin through Christ’s Passion? Article 4 — Whether we were reconciled to God through Christ’s Passion? Article 5 — Whether Christ opened the gate of heaven to us by his Passion? Article 6 — Whether by his Passion Christ merited to be exalted? Question 050 — Question 50 — The Death of Christ 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it was fitting that Christ should die? Article 2 — Whether the Godhead was separated from the flesh when Christ died? Article 3 — Whether in Christ’s death there was a severance between his Godhead and his soul? Article 4 — Whether Christ was a man during the three days of his death? Article 5 — Whether Christ’s was identically the same body living and dead? Article 6 — Whether Christ’s death conduced in any way to our salvation? Question 051 — Question 51 — Christ’s Burial 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it was fitting for Christ to be buried? Article 2 — Whether Christ was buried in a becoming manner? Article 3 — Whether Christ’s body was reduced to dust in the tomb? Article 4 — Whether Christ was in the tomb only one day and two nights? Question 052 — Question 52 — Christ’s Descent into Hell 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it was fitting for Christ to descend into hell? Article 2 — Whether Christ went down into the hell of the lost? Article 3 — Whether the whole Christ was in hell? Article 4 — Whether Christ made any stay in hell? Article 5 — Whether Christ descending into hell delivered the holy Fathers from thence? Article 6 — Whether Christ delivered any of the lost from hell? Article 7 — Whether the children who died in original sin were delivered by Christ’s descent? Article 8 — Whether Christ by his descent into hell delivered souls from Purgatory? Question 053 — Question 53 — Christ’s Resurrection 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it was necessary for Christ to rise again? Article 2 — Whether it was fitting for Christ to rise again on the third day? Article 3 — Whether Christ was the first to rise from the Dead? Article 4 — Whether Christ was the cause of his own Resurrection? Question 054 — Question 54 — The Quality of Christ Rising Again 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ had a true body after his Resurrection? Article 2 — Whether Christ’s body rose glorified? Article 3 — Whether Christ’s body rose again entire? Article 4 — Whether Christ’s body ought to have risen with its scars? Question 055 — Question 55 — The Manifestation of the Resurrection 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ’s Resurrection ought to have been manifested to all? Article 2 — Whether it was fitting that the disciples should see him rise again? Article 3 — Whether Christ ought to have lived constantly with his disciples after the Resurrection? Article 4 — Whether Christ should have appeared to the disciples in another shape? Article 5 — Whether Christ should have demonstrated the truth of his resurrection by proofs? Article 6 — Whether the proofs which Christ made use of manifested sufficiently the truth of his Resurrection? Question 056 — Question 56 — The Causality of Christ’s Resurrection 3 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ’s Resurrection is the cause of the Resurrection of our bodies? Article 2 — Whether Christ’s Resurrection is the cause of the resurrection of souls? Question 057 — Question 57 — The Ascension of Christ 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it was fitting for Christ to ascend into heaven? Article 2 — Whether Christ’s Ascension into heaven belonged to him according to his divine nature? Article 3 — Whether Christ ascended by his own power? Article 4 — Whether Christ ascended above all the heavens? Article 5 — Whether Christ’s body ascended above every spiritual creature? Article 6 — Whether Christ’s ascension is the cause of our salvation? Question 058 — Question 58 — Christ’s Sitting at the Right Hand of the Father 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it is fitting that Christ should sit at the right hand of God the Father? Article 2 — Whether it belongs to Christ as God to sit at the right hand of the Father? Article 3 — Whether it belongs to Christ as man to sit at the right hand of the Father? Article 4 — Whether it is proper to Christ to sit at the right hand of the Father? Question 059 — Question 59 — Christ’s Judiciary Power 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether judiciary power is to be specially attributed to Christ? Article 2 — Whether judiciary power belongs to Christ as man? Article 3 — Whether Christ acquired his judiciary power by his merits? Article 4 — Whether judiciary power belongs to Christ with respect to all human affairs? Article 5 — Whether after the Judgment that takes place in the present time, there remains yet another General Judgment? Article 6 — Whether Christ’s judiciary power extends to the angels? Question 060 — Question 60 — What a Sacrament Is 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether a sacrament is a kind of sign? Article 2 — Whether every sign of a holy thing is a sacrament? Article 3 — Whether a sacrament is a sign of one thing only? Article 4 — Whether a sacrament is always something sensible? Article 5 — Whether determinate things are required for a sacrament? Article 6 — Whether words are required for the signification of the sacraments? Article 7 — Whether determinate words are required in the sacraments? Article 8 — Whether it is lawful to add anything to the words in which the sacramental form consists? Question 061 — Question 61 — The Necessity of the Sacraments 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether sacraments are necessary for man’s salvation? Article 2 — Whether before sin sacraments were necessary to man? Article 3 — Whether there should have been sacraments after sin, before Christ? Article 4 — Whether there was need for any sacraments after Christ came? Question 062 — Question 62 — The Sacraments’ Principal Effect, Which is Grace 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the sacraments are the cause of grace? Article 2 — Whether sacramental grace confers anything in addition to the grace of the virtues and gifts? Article 3 — Whether the sacraments of the new law contain grace? Article 4 — Whether there be in the sacraments a power of causing grace? Article 5 — Whether the sacraments of the new law derive their power from Christ’s Passion? Article 6 — Whether the sacraments of the Old Law caused grace? Question 063 — Question 63 — The Other Effect of the Sacraments, Which is a Character 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether a sacrament imprints a character on the soul? Article 2 — Whether a character is a spiritual power? Article 3 — Whether the sacramental character is the character of Christ? Article 4 — Whether the character be subjected in the powers of the soul? Article 5 — Whether a character can be blotted out from the soul? Article 6 — Whether a character is imprinted by each sacrament of the New Law? Question 064 — Question 64 — The Causes of the Sacraments 11 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether God alone, or the minister also, works inwardly unto the sacramental effect? Article 2 — Whether the sacraments are instituted by God alone? Article 3 — Whether Christ as man had the power of producing the inward sacramental effect? Article 4 — Whether Christ could communicate to ministers the power which he had in the sacraments? Article 5 — Whether the sacraments can be conferred by evil ministers? Article 6 — Whether wicked men sin in administering the sacraments? Article 7 — Whether angels can administer sacraments? Article 8 — Whether the minister’s intention is required for the validity of a sacrament? Article 9 — Whether faith is required of necessity in the minister of a sacrament? Article 10 — Whether the validity of a sacrament requires a good intention in the minister? Question 065 — Question 65 — The Number of the Sacraments 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether there should be seven sacraments? Article 2 — Whether the order of the sacraments, as given above, is becoming? Article 3 — Whether the Eucharist is the principal of the sacraments? Article 4 — Whether all the sacraments are necessary for salvation? Question 066 — Question 66 — Baptism 13 chapters Question 067 — Question 67 — The Ministers of the Sacrament of Baptism 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether it is part of a deacon’s duty to baptize? Article 2 — Whether to baptize is part of the priestly office, or proper to that of bishops? Article 3 — Whether a layman can baptize? Article 4 — Whether a woman can baptize? Article 5 — Whether one that is not baptized can confer the sacrament of Baptism? Article 6 — Whether several can baptize at the same time? Article 7 — Whether in Baptism it is necessary for someone to raise the baptized from the sacred font? Article 8 — Whether he who raises anyone from the sacred font is bound to instruct him? Question 068 — Question 68 — Those Who Receive Baptism 13 chapters Question 069 — Question 69 — The Effects of Baptism 11 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether all sins are taken away by Baptism? Article 2 — Whether man is freed by Baptism from all debt of punishment due to sin? Article 3 — Whether Baptism should take away the penalties of sin that belong to this life? Article 4 — Whether grace and virtues are bestowed on man by Baptism? Article 5 — Whether certain acts of the virtues are fittingly set down as effects of Baptism, to wit—incorporation in Christ, enlightenment, and fruitfulness? Article 6 — Whether children receive grace and virtue in Baptism? Article 7 — Whether the effect of Baptism is to open the gates of the heavenly kingdom? Article 8 — Whether Baptism has an equal effect in all? Article 9 — Whether insincerity hinders the effect of Baptism? Article 10 — Whether Baptism produces its effect when the insincerity ceases? Question 070 — Question 70 — Circumcision 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether circumcision was a preparation for, and a figure of Baptism? Article 2 — Whether circumcision was instituted in a fitting manner? Article 3 — Whether the rite of circumcision was fitting? Article 4 — Whether circumcision bestowed sanctifying grace? Question 071 — Question 71 — The Preparations That Accompany Baptism 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether catechism should precede Baptism? Article 2 — Whether exorcism should precede Baptism? Article 3 — Whether what is done in the exorcism effects anything, or is a mere sign? Article 4 — Whether it belongs to a priest to catechize and exorcize the person to be baptized? Question 072 — Question 72 — The Sacrament of Confirmation 13 chapters Question 073 — Question 73 — The Sacrament of the Eucharist 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the Eucharist is a sacrament? Article 2 — Whether the Eucharist is one sacrament or several? Article 3 — Whether the Eucharist is necessary for salvation? Article 4 — Whether this sacrament is suitably called by various names? Article 5 — Whether the institution of this sacrament was appropriate? Article 6 — Whether the Paschal Lamb was the chief figure of this sacrament? Question 074 — Question 74 — The Matter of The Eucharist 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the matter of this sacrament is bread and wine? Article 2 — Whether a determinate quantity of bread and wine is required for the matter of this sacrament? Article 3 — Whether wheaten bread is required for the matter of this sacrament? Article 4 — Whether this sacrament ought to be made of unleavened bread? Article 5 — Whether wine of the grape is the proper matter of this sacrament? Article 6 — Whether water should be mixed with the wine? Article 7 — Whether the mixing with water is essential to this sacrament? Article 8 — Whether water should be added in great quantity? Question 075 — Question 75 — The Change of Bread and Wine to the Body and Blood of Christ 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the body of Christ is in this sacrament in very truth, or merely as in a figure or sign? Article 2 — Whether in this sacrament the substance of the bread and wine remains after the consecration? Article 3 — Whether the substance of the bread or wine is annihilated after the consecration of this sacrament, or dissolved into their original matter? Article 4 — Whether bread can be converted into the body of Christ? Article 5 — Whether the accidents of the bread and wine remain in this sacrament? Article 6 — Whether the substantial form of the bread remains in this sacrament after the consecration? Article 7 — Whether this change is wrought instantaneously or successively? Article 8 — Whether this proposition is false: “the Body of Christ is made out of bread? Question 076 — Question 76 — The Way in Which Christ is in This Sacrament 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the whole Christ is contained under this sacrament? Article 2 — Whether the whole Christ is contained under each species of this sacrament? Article 3 — Whether Christ is entire under every part of the species of the bread and wine? Article 4 — Whether the whole dimensive quantity of Christ’s Body is in this sacrament? Article 5 — Whether Christ’s Body is in this sacrament as in a place? Article 6 — Whether Christ’s Body is in this sacrament movably? Article 7 — Whether the Body of Christ, as it is in this sacrament, can be seen by any eye, at least by a glorified one? Article 8 — Whether Christ’s Body is truly there when flesh or a child appears miraculously in this sacrament? Question 077 — Question 77 — The Accidents Which Remain in This Sacrament 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the accidents remain in this sacrament without a subject? Article 2 — Whether in this sacrament the dimensive quantity of the bread or wine is the subject of the other accidents? Article 3 — Whether the species remaining in this sacrament can change external objects? Article 4 — Whether the sacramental species can be corrupted? Article 5 — Whether anything can be generated from the sacramental species? Article 6 — Whether the sacramental species can nourish? Article 7 — Whether the sacramental species are broken in this sacrament? Article 8 — Whether any liquid can be mingled with the consecrated wine? Question 078 — Question 78 — The Form of This Sacrament 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether this is the form of this sacrament: “this is My Body,” and “this is the chalice of My Blood”? Article 2 — Whether this is the proper form for the consecration of the bread: “this is My Body”? Article 3 — Whether this is the proper form for the consecration of the wine: “this is the chalice of My Blood,” etc.? Article 4 — Whether in the aforesaid words of the forms there be any created power which causes the consecration? Article 5 — Whether the aforesaid expressions are true? Article 6 — Whether the form of the consecration of the bread accomplishes its effect before the form of the consecration of the wine is completed? Question 079 — Question 79 — The Effects of This Sacrament 9 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether grace is bestowed through this sacrament? Article 2 — Whether the attaining of glory is an effect of this sacrament? Article 3 — Whether the forgiveness of mortal sin is an effect of this sacrament? Article 4 — Whether venial sins are forgiven through this sacrament? Article 5 — Whether the entire punishment due to sin is forgiven through this sacrament? Article 6 — Whether man is preserved by this sacrament from future sins? Article 7 — Whether this sacrament benefits others besides the recipients? Article 8 — Whether the effect of this sacrament is hindered by venial sin? Question 080 — Question 80 — The Use or Receiving of This Sacrament in General 13 chapters Question 081 — Question 81 — The Use Which Christ Made of This Sacrament 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ received his own body and blood? Article 2 — Whether Christ gave his body to Judas? Article 3 — Whether Christ received and gave to the disciples his impassible body? Article 4 — Whether, if this sacrament had been reserved in a pyx, or consecrated at the moment of Christ’s Death by one of the apostles, Christ himself would have died there? Question 082 — Question 82 — The Minister of This Sacrament 11 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the consecration of this sacrament belongs to a priest alone? Article 2 — Whether several priests can consecrate one and the same host? Article 3 — Whether dispensing of this sacrament belongs to a priest alone? Article 4 — Whether the priest who consecrates is bound to receive this sacrament? Article 5 — Whether a wicked priest can consecrate the Eucharist? Article 6 — Whether the mass of a sinful priest is of less worth than the mass of a good priest? Article 7 — Whether heretics, schismatics, and excommunicated persons can consecrate? Article 8 — Whether a degraded priest can consecrate this sacrament? Article 9 — Whether it is permissible to receive Communion from heretical, excommunicate, or sinful priests, and to hear mass said by them? Article 10 — Whether it is lawful for a priest to refrain entirely from consecrating the Eucharist? Question 083 — Question 83 — The Rite of This Sacrament 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether Christ is sacrificed in this sacrament? Article 2 — Whether the time for celebrating this mystery has been properly determined? Article 3 — Whether this sacrament ought to be celebrated in a house and with sacred vessels? Article 4 — Whether the words spoken in this sacrament are properly framed? Article 5 — Whether the actions performed in celebrating this sacrament are becoming? Article 6 — Whether the defects occurring during the celebration of this sacrament can be sufficiently met by observing the Church’s statutes? Question 084 — Question 84 — The Sacrament of Penance 11 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether penance is a sacrament? Article 2 — Whether sins are the proper matter of this sacrament? Article 3 — Whether the form of this sacrament is: “I absolve thee”? Article 4 — Whether the imposition of the priest’s hands is necessary for this sacrament? Article 5 — Whether this sacrament is necessary for salvation? Article 6 — Whether penance is a second plank after shipwreck? Article 7 — Whether this sacrament was suitably instituted in the New Law? Article 8 — Whether penance should last till the end of life? Article 9 — Whether penance can be continuous? Article 10 — Whether the sacrament of penance may be repeated? Question 085 — Question 85 — Penance as a Virtue 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether penance is a virtue? Article 2 — Whether penance is a special virtue? Article 3 — Whether the virtue of penance is a species of justice? Article 4 — Whether the will is properly the subject of penance? Article 5 — Whether penance originates from fear? Article 6 — Whether penance is the first of the virtues? Question 086 — Question 86 — The Effect of Penance, as Regards the Pardon of Mortal Sin 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether all sins are taken away by penance? Article 2 — Whether sin can be pardoned without penance? Article 3 — Whether by penance one sin can be pardoned without another? Article 4 — Whether the debt of punishment remains after the guilt has been forgiven through penance? Article 5 — Whether the remnants of sin are removed when a mortal sin is forgiven? Article 6 — Whether the forgiveness of guilt is an effect of penance? Question 087 — Question 87 — The Remission of Venial Sin 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether venial sin can be forgiven without penance? Article 2 — Whether infusion of grace is necessary for the remission of venial sins? Article 3 — Whether venial sins are removed by the sprinkling of holy water, a bishop’s blessing, and the like? Article 4 — Whether venial sin can be taken away without mortal sin? Question 088 — Question 88 — The Return of Sins Which Have Been Taken Away by Penance 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether sins once forgiven return through a subsequent sin? Article 2 — Whether sins that have been forgiven, return through ingratitude which is shown especially in four kinds of sin? Article 3 — Whether the debt of punishment that arises through ingratitude in respect of a subsequent sin is as great as that of the sins previously pardoned? Article 4 — Whether the ingratitude whereby a subsequent sin causes the return of previous sins, is a special sin? Question 089 — Question 89 — The Recovery of Virtue by Means of Penance 7 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether the virtues are restored through penance? Article 2 — Whether, after penance, man rises again to equal virtue? Article 3 — Whether, by penance, man is restored to his former dignity? Article 4 — Whether virtuous deeds done in charity can be deadened? Article 5 — Whether deeds deadened by sin, are revived by penance? Article 6 — Whether the effect of subsequent penance is to quicken even dead works, namely, those not done in charity? Question 090 — Question 90 — The Parts of Penance, in General 5 chapters Prooemium Article 1 — Whether penance should be assigned any parts? Article 2 — Whether contrition, confession, and satisfaction are fittingly assigned as parts of penance? Article 3 — Whether these three are integral parts of penance? Article 4 — Whether penance is fittingly divided into penance before Baptism, penance for mortal sins, and penance for venial sins?
