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Nn. 1099–1130

  1. 2° Conditiones requisitae ad dispensationem in radice. Quatuor requiruntur : (A) ut impedimentum dirimens, de quo agitur, sitjuris inere ecclesiastici ; nam in aliis Ecclesia vitiatum consensum sanare nequit.

" Matrimonium vero contractum cum impedimento juris naturalis vel divini, etiamsi postea impedimentum cessaverit, Ecclesia non sanat in radice, ne a momento quidem cessationis impedimenti " ^.

  1. (B) Ut consensus matriinonialis fuerit, seu cum affectu matrimonium ineundi datus : qui enim vult non inire matrimonium, sed tantum muliere abuti per fornicationem, nullum fundamentum ponit cuidam dispensationi in radice ^,

Generatim etiam Ecclesia exigit ut conjugum unio extrinsecam matrimonii speciem habuerit. Quae existit, quando adhibita fuit forma praescripta; et, pro haereticis, cum matrimonium coram praecone acatholico vel civiH magistratu celebratum est. Ubi vero forma canonica matrimonii requiritur, matrimonium civi/e non habet quidem strictam et canonicam formam, habet tamen naturaleni figuram matrimonii3; unde S. Sedes in radice sanare potest et quandoque sanat propter urgentem rationem, v. g., quando unus e contrahentibus consensum renovare non vult.

  1. (C) Ut consensus datus perseveret in utrdque partc virtualiter usque ad tenipus concessce dispensationis : hinc concedi potest dispensatio, si unus e contrahcntibus in amen-

' Codex^ c. 1139, § 2. — Ita reprobatur opinio qiiorumdani dicentiuni hoc impedimcntum possc in radice sanari a momento cessalionis impcdimenti.

= Oportet scilicet ut matrimonium contractum fuerit " cum utriusquo partis consensu naturaliter sufficicnte". {Codex^ c. 1 139).

3 Conjug-es scilicet apparent sufficicnter consortium matrimoniale inire velle.

tiam inciderit; non autem si alteruter jam e vivis exierit : quo casu posset tamen matrimonium sanari non quidem iii u\ sed quoad effectus juridicos, nempe legitimitatem prolis. " Ouod si consensus ab initio quidem defuerit, sed postea praestitus fuerit, sanatio concedi potest a momento prsestiti :onsensus " ^

  1. (D) [/t adsit ratio gravis, qu?e praesertim triplex esse potest : (a) si una pars ad renovandum consensum adduci nequit, quamvis in matrimonio permanere velit ; (b) si utraque pars inscia est riullitatis et gravis ratio existit non revelandi impedimentum, v. g., propter magnum numerum matrimoniorum quae ex errore aliquo invalide contracta sunt, vel ob scandalum vitandum si nuUitas oritur ex errore a parocho v^el Ordinario commisso; (c) si utraque pars nullitatis conscia est, sed ad consensum renovandum ex insuperabili prcEJudicio induci nequit; aut si sanatio iit radice necessaria est pro legitimatione prolis. — Aliunde " sanatio in radice concedi unice potest ab Apostolica Sede " ^.

  2. Quando confessarius dispensationem in radice fulminare debet, hac aut simili forma uti potest : " Auctoritate Apostolica (vel per Episcopum accepta), matrimonium a te nulliter contractum in radice sano et consolido prolemque susceptam et suscipiendam legitimam fore nuntio et declaro ".

HppenDi;t:

DE LEGE CIVILI QUOAD MATRIMONIUM.

i Principia de modo agendi qnoad leges civiles de Matri- I monio.

I Pnnecipuse leges civiles de Matrimonio in Anglid et Stati- Divisio. { biis Avier. Foederatis.

I Pr?ecipuae leges civiles de Matrimonio in Gallid. I Praecipuce leges civiles de Matrimonio in Italid. ^Praecipuae leges civiles de Matrimonio in Germanid.

I. Principia de modo agendi quoad leges civiles de Matrimonio^

  1. Principium I''"' : Nuptufientes fideliter servare possunt ac regulariter debent legis civilis praescripta quoad matrimonii celebrationem, quae juri divino aut ecclesiastico non adversantur, praesertim si ab eis pendet valor matrimonii in foro civili.

(A) Id enim merito infertur ex Instru6tione S. Pcefiitejitiaricc de matrimonio civili, i5Jan. 1866, ubi dicitur' : ** Attamen ad vexationes pcenasque vitandas, et ob prolis bonum, qu3e alioquin a laica potestate ut legitima nequaquam haberetur, tum etiam ad polygamiae periculum avertendum, opportunum et expediens videtur, ut iidem Fideles, postquam matrimonium legitime contraxerint coram Ecclesia, se sistant, a6lum lege priescriptum exequuturi, ea tamen intentione (uti Benedidus XIV docet in Brevi diei 17 sept. anni 1746 Redditce sunt Nolns\ sistendo se Gubernii Officiali nil aliud faciant, quam ut civilem caeremoniam exequantur ".

^ De Aftgetis, iib. IV, tit. i, n. 13-14; Feije, n. 780-7S5; Ifaine, q. 173-175; Gasparri, n. 1 2 10- 1 231; Aertnys, n. 473.

'Apud Ada S. Sedis, I, p. 508-512. — Quod confirmatur ex decreto S. Officiiy 12 jan. 1881 {Colle^. P. F., n. 1550) : " Curandum a missionariis ut matrimonium contracfluri observent pra^scriptiones etiam civiles, qu:e ad ordinem moralem, quoad effeflus civiles m.Urimonii, conservandum conducant ".

(B)Etsi enim Status non possit propriojurc leges ferre.prc subditis christianis, circa matrimoniale vinculum, potest leges ecclesiasticas, sive omnes sive quasdam, civili san6lione munire ; potest insuper, proprio jure, leges condere circa effe<5lus civiles a vinculo matrimonii separabiles. Praeterea si Status leges tulerit in re matrimoniali, quae nonnullas solemnitates requirant ut matrimonium suis effeclibus civilibus non careat, et quae aliunde juri divino et ecclesiastico non obstent, sane sponsis licet his obedire; imo id opportunuin et expediens videtur, ut ait 6". Pcenitentiaria : (a) ad vexationes poenasque vitandas quas Status in legum violatores infligit; (b) ob prolis bonum, quae alioquin a lege civili ut legitima non haberetur; (c) ad polygamise periculum avertendum, cum revera nonnulli ab hoc vitio deterreantur timore legum civilium.

  1. CoroUaria : (a) Ubi habetur matrimonium quod vocant civile, non solum licet, sed expedit ut fideles se sistant coram magistratu civili, ut coram lege habeantur tanquam ut veri conjuges, eorumque fiHi ceu legitimi ; dummodo tamen re6le intelligant hoc non esse verum matrimonium, ubi Tametsi viget, sed a6lum mere civilem, quo suum erga leges obsequium ostendunt.

Quando leges id permittunt, fideles prius coram Ecclesia contrahere debent, et postea civilem a6tum explere. Si vero lex praecipit inversum ordinem, ut in Gallia, aut gravis necessitas id postulat, possunt quidem sponsi prius se sistere coram civih magistratu; sed. " tunc omni diligentia utendum erit, ut matrimonium coram Ecclesia qiiamprimum contrahatur, atque interim contrahentes sejundi consistant '.

In Statibus Amer. Foederatis, matrimonium religiosum ut vahdum coram lege civiU habetur; sed in plerisque Statibus requiritur Hcentia {license) a pubhco officiaU antequam ad matrimonium Hcite procedatur; et insuper minister, coram quo nuptiae celebratae sunt, tenetur, infra definitum tempus, in scriptis certiorem facere officialem a lege designatum de matrimonio inito; quod quidem, utpote rationi consentaneum, sedulo servandum est.

  1. (b) Ubi habentur civilia impedimenta, praesertim dirimentia, quae ab Ecclesia non ut taHa agnoscuntur, pasto-

res non facile admittant ad matrimonlum contrahendum eos qui ut inliabiles a lege civiii habentur : tum quia hi ut legitimi conjugcs a Statu non existimantur, tum quia pastores talia connubia celebrantes lege puniri possunt, non sine fidelium scandalo. " Hac in re multa uti debebunt cautela et prudenti^, et Ordinarii consilium. exposcere; atque hic facilis ne sit ad annuendum ; sed in gravioribus casibus hoc sacrum Tribunal consulat " ^.

II07. Principium 2'"" : Si praecepta legis civilis divino aut ecclesiastico juri intrinsece repugnant, ea active exequi non licet. Id enim sequitur ex di6lis in Tr. de Legibus. Hinc conjuges, qui, divortio civili obtento, ad novas convolant nuptias, graviter pcccant, quamvis lege civili id facerc valeant : nam lex hujusmodi omnino contrariatur legi divinae indissolubilitatis niatrimonii. Si vero divortium petitur absque intentione iterum nubendi, res controvertitur (supra n. 751).

Si quis autem passive injustae legis executioni cooperatur, V. g. si magistratus civilis ex officio assistit civiii matrimonio, quando certo scit contrahentes nolle matrimonium coram Ecclesia inire (ubi Tamctsi viget), aut cos priori vinculo esse h*gatos, controvcrtitur utrum ha^c agcndi ratio sit graviter illicita, ut jam di6lum est n. 760.

II. Praecipuae leges civlles de Matrimonio in Anglia et Statibus FcBderatis.

  1. 1° Quoad sponsalia. (A) In Anglid^ dc sponsalibus haec notanda sunt : " A promise to marry at a future time, which, like other contra(5ls, gi\es a right of adtion for damages in case of its violation, is not binding on the defendant unless he or she be of the fuU age which the law provides for other cases of contract, viz. twenty-one ycars; and where there are mutual promises to marry made by two persons, one of thc age of twenty-one, and the olher undcr that age, the first is bound by the contra6l so as to be liable to an adion if it be broken; buton the part of the minor, it used to be voidablc; and it is now void"^

' Instr. S. Pcenit., 1. c, p. 511. — Qik-c rcgula pvaClica est in nonnullis Stiitibus Amer. Fivderatis, ubi stric'lissime prohibentur niatrinionia inter albos et nigros vel indigenas.

  1. (B) In Statibus Amer. Fcvdcratis : (a) "If an infant below the marriagcable age and a conipetent person agree to intermarry, the contra^^l is void because it is an attempted violation of the law. But after the marriageable agc has arrived, a marriage by the infant may sometimes be beneficial to him; therefore, as to him, the agreement to marry with an adult will be, not void, but voidable. And within famiHar principles it cannot be enforced agamst the infant, who may rely on his non-age to avoid it; but the infant's a6tion for its breach by the adult is in no degree impaired by the fa(5l of infancy "'.

(b) "Parties in too near consanguinity, being by law incapable of intermarriage, cannot bind themselves by a mutual promise to marry^".

(c) "When marriageable persons condu6l toward each other as cngaged parties commonly do, and as those who are not engaged do not, the reasonable and fair inference is that they are in fa6t what they thus hold themselves out to be, engaged; and in a breachof-promise suit the jury is justifiable in so finding "3.

(d) " When one party has agreed to marry the other under the piesumable inducement of a controUing fa6t supposed to exist while it did not, or when such a fa6l existed at the time of the promise but was afterward reversed, or when the other's fraudulent representation of something even less important entrapped hini into the promise, he may rescind the agreement, firstgiving an expressed or impHed due notice, where the thing was not within the k.nowledge of the other"! — " Any condu6l by one of the parties, amounting to a6tual fraud, will justify the other, who has been entrapped by it, in withdrawing from the agreement"-. — If parties to a marriage promise mutually to rehnquish it, the release by each is a consideration for that by the other, and neither can afterward maintai.n a breach-of-promise suit"^ — " And after the bargain is entered ioto, ill condu6l in one of them, of a nature and to a degree not quite definabl^, yet far less than would be required for a divorce after marriage, will justify the other in rescinding it. So hkewise may either rescind it for any supervening incapacity in himself or in the other to fulfil the special duties of marriage"^.

(e) "" Damages for the breach are not restri6ted to such as can be measured by the rule of doUars and cents, but, beyond this, the jury may give what seems reasonable in compensation for wounded feehngs, for disgrace and shame, for loss of position in society and

  • Bishopy New Comment. on Marriage, Divorce and Separation, Chicago, 1891, vol. I, § 206.

DE LEGE CTVILI QUOAD MATRIMONIUM. 699 other like evils coming as natural and probable consequences of the breach, or of the special circumstances in which the breach was committed'".

  • iiio. 2° De celebratione matrimonii. (A) In Anglia multae requiruntur conditiones ad celebrationem matrimonii, praesertim quoad Cathoh'cos, qui nubere nolunt in ecclesiis anglicanis^ (a) Persons desiring to be married in a Cathohc church must obtain the Registrar's certificate; they may also obtain from him a hcence permitting ihe marriage to be solemnized with less delay, for a fee of thirty shilhngs and ten shilhngs stamp duty ".

" In the first place, notice must be given in the form prescribed in the A61 by one of the parties to the Superintendent Registrar of the Distri6l where they shall have dwelt for the preceding seven days, fifteen days if the marriage is to be by hcence; or, if they dweh in different distri6ls, then the Registrar of eacli Distri6t, unless the marriage is to be by hcence, when notice to one Superintendent Registrar is sufficient. A copy of the notice is entered by the Registrar in the Marriage Notice Book, which is open, at all reasonable times, without fee to all persons desirous of inspedting it. Either the original notice, or a copy thereof, under the hand of the Superintendent Registrar, must be affixed in a conspicuous place in his office. And for every such notice he is entitled to a fee of one shilling (6 & 7 WiU. 4, c. 85, SS. 4, 5; and 19 & 20 Vidt. C.119S. 3)".

(b) "One whole day after the entry of this notice, if the marriage is to be solemnized by licence, or twenty-one days after, if it is to be solemnized without licence, the Superintendant Registrar, upon the demand of the party by whom notice was given, issues a certificate in the form provided by the Adt, showing that the requisite notice has been given, and that the issue of the certificate has not been forbidden by any authorised person, and for this certificate a fee of one shilling is payable (6 & 7 Will. 4, c. 85, S. 7, and 19 & 20 Vi6t. c. 119, S. 4)".

(c) " The marriage may then be celebrated in the Cathohc church duly registered for the solemnization of marriages, which is specified n the notice and which must, as a rule, be in the distri(5t of the residence of one of the parties. But it must be celcbrated in the presenceofa Registrar of the distri6t in which the church issituated,

' Has regulas desumimus ex opere : A Aranual of the Law specially affeaing Cathohcs, by W. S. Lilly and/. E. P. Waliis, London, 1893, p. 54-57- Cum arduum sit pro pauperibus h;ec omnia pnrscripta ■sequi, non pauci in concubinatu vivunt : hinc cathoHci Angha; Episcopi enixe postularunt quncdam ex eis abolenda vel mutanda esse, ibid., p. 191-195. — Cfr. Stephcfi, II, p. 252 265.

and of two or more credible witnesses, and a fee of fivc shillings — ten if the marriage is by hcence — is payable to the Registrar for his attendance (6 & 7 Will. 4, c. 85, SS. 18, 20, 22.) The Aa further provides that in some part of the ceremony, and in the presence of the Registrar, each of the parties shall declare : " I do solemnly declare that I know not of any lawfiil impediment why I, A. B., may not be joined in matrimonv to C. D.," and that each of the parties shall say to the other : " 1 cali upon these persons, here present, to witness that I, A. B., do take thee, C. D., to be my lawful wedded wife (or husband) ".

(d) The celebration of the marriage must take place within three calendar months next after the day of the entry of the notice. Should a certificate of marriage ("The Marriage Lines'') be desired, it may be procured from the Registrar-General, or Superintendent Registrar, upon payment of a fee of two shilhngs and sixpence- (6&7Will. 4, c. 85. SS. 35, 36)".

(e) " The clergy should take note that by S. 39 a priest would be guilty of felony if he knowingly solemnized a marriage in England in any other place than the registered building specified in the notice and certificate, or in a registered building in the absence of a Registrar of the distri6t".

(f) It is provided by 19 & 20 Vi6t. c. 1 19, S. 12, that " if the parties to any marriage contra6ted at the registry office of any distridt shall desire to add the religious ceremony ordained or used by the church or persuasion of which such parties shall be members to the marriage so contra6led, it shall be competent for them to present themselves for that purpose to a clergyman or minister of the church or persuasion of which such parties shall be members, having given notice to such clergyman or minister of their intention to do so; and such clergyman or minister, upon the produdtion of their certificate ot marriage before the Superintendent Registrar,and upon the payment of the customary fees (if any), may, if he shall see fit, in the church or chapel whereof he is the regular minister, by himself, or by some minister nominated by him, read or celebrate the marriage service cf the persuasion to which such minister shall belong ".

iiii. [B^InStatibus Ameriae Foederatis^ lege commiinix^wWd. requiritur solemnitas ad validitatem matrimonialis consensus; sed, lege particulari in plerisque Statibus ad liceitatem, sub variis poenis, qu?edam conditiones prsescript^e sunt' : —

(a) " At common law marriage is a civil contra6t, to which consent alone is essential. It requires no legal forms nor religious solem- Qities, nor special mode of proof. The common rule is, that in the l^gis Americanae mutuamur a Browne^ Elements of tic Relations, Boston, 1890, p. 9-12. — Cfr. Bishop, absence of statutory regiilation, consent per verba de pmsenti m.\ or without consummation, or per verba defuturo with consummation, constitutes a valid marriage... In New York, Ilhnois, and Rhode Island, it is now held that mere verba de futuro, although followed by consummation, do not constitute a vahd marriage".

(b) "Although in most if not all of the United States there are statutes regulating the celebration of marriage, and infliding penalties on all who disobey the regulations, yet it is generally considered that in the absence of any positive statute declaring that all marriages not celebrated in the prescribed manner shall be absolutely void, or that none but certain magistrates or ministers shall celebrate a marriage, any marriage regularly made according to the common law, without observing the statutory regulations would be still a valid marriage".

(c) " An assent to a ceremony understood on both sides to be given in jest, even if the clergyman is in earnest, will not constitute a vahd marriage; but otherwise, if one of the parties is in earnest; and where one party procures a mock ceremony to be performed by one falsely personating a clergyman, it vvill bind both if the other assents in good faith ".

(d) " Intercourse ilhcit in its commencement will be presumed always so to continue, and no marriage can be presumed from it. Without express proof of words of consent a vahd marriage may be predicated of cohabitation, acknowledgment of a marriage by the parties, receptions of them by relatives and friends and in society as husband and wife. Even though it may invahdate a subsequent marriage. But not as against a prior ceremonial marriage ".

(C) Quando nuptise in aliena regione celebrantur ab Anghs vel Americanis, vahd?e sunt, dummodo servatus fuerit ritus in illa regione adhiberi sohtus, et ahunde vere habiles sint ad contrahendum, juxta leges anghcas vel americanas'.

III2. 3° De mutuis juribus et officiis viri et uxoris. H?ec substantiahter eadem sunt in Angha ac in America*. {aC^Jura viri : "The rights of a husband, in and over his wife, are two : obedience and service. The husband has the legal contro/ o{ the person of his wife, and may put moderate restraints upon her hberty, if her condu6t be such as to require it. If he changes his domicile, it is her duty to foUow him. If she elopes and abandons him without cause, he may compel her to return. But he has no right to chastise her or to use physical violence toward her, except so far as is necessary to prevent her from doing violence to himself or others. The sen>ices of the wife, and the result thereof, also belong to the husband, at common

"^ Horum summarium exhibet \V. C. Robinson, Elementary Law. boston, 1882, p. 112-113.

law; thoiigh in some States, by Statute, he is entitled to the result of her service only as a trustee, and holds them for her use.

{\i)Jura uxoris : " The rights of the -'vife, in and from the husband, are also tvvo : protenio?i and support. Whatever he may lawfully do in his ovvn defence he may do, and is naturally obhged to do, in defence of her. It is his duty to provide her vvith necessaries according to her station in hfe, and, if he refuses to do so, she may contradl: for them in his name, and she may still contra6t debts for her necessaries in his name. l'his right vvill be forfeited by the vvife if she elopes vvith an adulterer, or if she abandons her husband vvithout cause and does not repent and offer to return to him. But ihe husband is not bound to support the vvife out of his family, if he provides for her and treats her properly there; and, in all cases, persons supplying a wife with necessaries, without the consent of the husband, are bound to make inquiries, and, even after such inquiries, if they supply her, they do it at their peril ".

11 13. 4° De divortio semi-pleno, seu separatione a toro et mensa.

(A) In Anglid : " KjudiciaL separation (in heu of the divorce a niejisd et toro) may now be decreed, on the petition of either husband or wife; and this decree has all the effedt that belonged to the old divorce a viensd et toro; and judicial separation may be decreed on the ground of adultery, or cruelty; or on the ground of desertion without cause for two years and upwards; and during the continuance of the decree, the vvife acquires, as to property and for many other purposes, the condition oidifeme soIe\

11 14. (B) In Statibus Amer. Foideratis^ divortium a toro et mensd non agnoscitur a lege conimuni, sed a Statutis multorum Statuum^ Causse, propter quas conceditur, diversse sunt secundum diversos Status^. Sequentes in omnibus fere agnoscuntur'» : —

(a) " Cruet and inhuman treatment. This must be such as renders the hfe or health of the plaintiff unsafe. Words of menace creating a reasonable apprehension of bodily violence will suffice. It need not be personal; unmercifully whipping her child in thc wife's presence and in spite of her entreaties will suffice. But mere bad temper, or condu6t producing annoyance, discontent, and disgust,

' " Limited divorce exists in tho following states : Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Distri6l of Columbia, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota (in favor of vvife only), Nebraska, Nevv Jersey, New Ycrk, North CaroUna, Pennsylvania (in favor of wife only), Rhode Island, Tennessee (in favor of wife only), Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin". (A report on Marriage and Divorce, by Carroll D. ^V^'/''/, Washington, 1891,^. 115).

DE LEGE GIVILI QUOAD M ATRIMONIUM, 703 is not enough. Nor does mere intoxication, occasional or frequent, constitute cruel or inhuman treatment. Nor an angry expulsion ot the wife under suspicion of infidelity. Nor refusal to permit her to attend her own church. A single cruel aO: does not constitute cruelty of treatment. But when accompanied by circumstances indicative of a probability of repetition, it may warrant a divorce".

(b) '' Sicch condun as renders it tinsafe and iniproper to cohabit. " Unsafe" means a reasonable apprehension of bodily injury. As subje61;ing the wife to excessive sexual intercourse".

(c) " Abandonment and refusal or neglefl to provide. These must concur. The negledt must be wilful. Denial of sexual intercourse is not utter desercion; nor desertion, nor cruelty. On a suit by a husband for separation for abandonment, the wife may be awarded a separation for cruelty".

(d) Quoad uxoris alinwniani hDec etiam notentur : " Pending the suit the court may grant the wife a pecuniary provision from the husband to enable her to Hve separately from him, which is called ahmony; and also compel him to pay her counsel fees to enable her to wage or defend the suit. On granting her a divorce the court may also impose alimony, and order the husband to make provision for supporting the children ".

  1. 5^* De divortio pleno. (A) In Anglid : (a) " A divorce or dissolution of the marriage... may also now be obtained on the petition of either husband or wife; and where he is the petitioner, it may be on the ground that since the marriage she has been guilty of adultery; but where she is the petitioner, it may only be on the ground that he has since the marriage been guilty of incestuousadultery, or of bigamy with adultery, or of rape, or of unnatural crime, or of adultery coupled with such cruelty as would, withoutadultery, have formerly entitled her to a divorce a inensd et toro; or of adultery coupled with desertion, without reasonable excuse, for two years or upwards. But no divorce can be decreed, if the petitioner (whether husband or wife) has been accessory to, or connived at, or has condonedjthe adultery; or if the petition is presented or prosecuted by collusion; and the court is not boundio decree the divorce, if the petitioner has been guilty of adultery during the marriage; or of cruelty; or of desertion or wilful sej^aration; or of such wilful negledt or miscondudt as has conduced to the adultery; or if there has been undue delay (remaining unexplained) in presenting the petition " '.

(b) " A decree of nullity of marriage may alsc be obtained on any groundwhich would formerly havejustifieda divorce^zz^///^//^^^ viz. disabihty; lack of legal age, of mental capacity, etc.

in6. (B) In Statibus Amer. Fcederatis leges omnino diversce sunt

TllKOL. MOR. 1. — 22 secundunidiversosStatiis; ideoqueeasolum tradere possumus, qure niagis communia sunt. (a) ^^- Nullity of contt-an... Kor this divorce there are generally five causes : lack of legal age, former marriage, lack of mental capacity, force or fraud, and impotence... It may now be said generally, that marriages coming within these prohibitions are usually vahd until pronounced void, and the children are legitimate. It has been held, however, that a judgment annuHing a marriage contradted by an insane party is unnecessary. The lack of mental capacity and the impotence, to justifiy a divorce, must have existed at the time of the marriage"'.

(b) Inter proecipuas causas, qu?e in variis Statibus ad divortium proprie difluin sufficiunt, recensentur ^ : Adultery, a cause in all the states and territories; pregnancy of wife at time of marriage, unknown to husband; abandonment, desertion, wilful absence; disappearance, absence without being heard from; cruelty, adtual violence or apprehension thereof, inhuman treatment^; failure or negle6t of husband to provide for wife; drunkenness (habitual), convi(5tion of felony or infamous crime, sentence to imprisonment.

(c) Relate ad adulteriwn, haec notatu digna sunt : " But a divorce for this cause will never be granted where the offence was committed by the procurement or connivance of the complainant; or has been forgiven and the parties have voluntarily cohabited with knowledge of its comraission, which is called condonation; or the complainant has also been guilty of the Hke offence, so that the defendant, if innocent, might have a divorce therefor, which is called recrimination"'*.

(d) " Generally the defendant, on judgment passing against him, is prohibited from remarrying during the plaintiff s hfe. But this provision has no extra-territorial effe6t. It is held that a marriage within this State in violation of this injundtion subje6ts the prohibited party to the penalties of bigamy " ^

  1. De impedimentis matrimonialibus. (A) In Aftglid ad quatuor reducuntur^ : (a) "The first of them, namely, a prior marriage still subsisting, wants no particular observation, excepting this, that the second marriage is to all intents and purposes void ".

3 Quam late pateat haec divortii causa intelligi potest e variis exeniphs, quse refert C. D. Wright, p. 172-178 : '• Defendant does not wash himself, thereby infli6ting on plaintiff great mental anguish... Defendant has accused plaintififs sister of steahng, thereby sorely wounding plaintiffs feelings... Defendant violently upbraided plaintifl"and said to him : You are no man at all; thus causinghim mental suffering and anguish... Defendant pulled plaintiff out of bed by his whiskers, etc etc. ".

DE LEGE CIVILT QUOAD MATRIMONIUM. 705

(b) '^ Insanity, or want of reason, is the second civil disability... and accordingly, by our law, it is established that a marriage contra6ted under circumstances of duress overpoweringthe will is void; also, that the marriage of a lunatic, not being in a lucid interval, is absolutely void ".

(c) " The third civil incapacity is that in respe^l: oi proxiniity oj relationship, — whether of consanguinity or of affinity... The only marriages whichare now illegal in respedl of proximity of degree (as being either contrary to God's law or within the Levitical degrees), are the following, viz. — those between persons in the ascending and descending Hne in infinittun, — and those between collaterals to the third degree inclusive, according to the mode of computation in the civil law; which reckons the sum of the degrees from, (but exclusively of), one of the persons related, up to the common stock and so down to the other person. Moreover, the prohibitions in the case of collaterals extend not only to consangtcinei, or those related by blood, but to ajffines, or those related by marriage; e. g. a man can marry neither his sister, nor his deceased wife's sister, for both are related to him in the second degree; nor his sistefs daughter, nor his deceased wife's sisters's daughter, for both are in the third degree; buthe may marry his firstcousin, for she is in the fourth degree ".

(d) "77/^ icaiit of age... It is not necessary to the contra6l of marriage that the parties should have attained their fuU age of twenty-one; for a male person is enabled by law to consent to matrimony at the age of fourteen, and a female at the age of twelve, subje6l (wheresubje6t) to the consent of their parents or guardians; and, indeed, even though the male be under fourteen, or the girl under twelve, the marriage is not absoUitely void, but is inchoate only and imperfedl; and either of the parties, upon coming to the nroper age for his or her consent, may in such latter case disagree lo (and so avoid) the marriage; but a marriage between people, either of whom is under theage of seven years, is absolutely void ".

  1. (B) In Stati/ft/s Ame?'. I^oiideratis varia sunt impedimenta secundum varios Status; qu?e sunt omnibus fere communia ad septem capita referuntur : — (a) Law forbids the marriage of near relations. The degrees of consanguinity caUed the prohibited dcgrces are defined by the laws of the different States. In Maryland, for instance, aman shall not marry his grandmother' grandfather's wifc, wife's grand mother, father's sister, mother's sister, mother, stepmother, wife's mother, daughter, wife's daughter, son's wife, sister, son's daughter, daughter's daughter, son's son's wife, daughter's daughter, or sister's daughter. A woman sliaU not marry her corresponding relatives *.

' Cfr. C D.Wright, p. 31-35, ubi recensentur le^es variorum Statuuni.

(b) ^^ Social condition. At common law, and in England, race color, and social rank constitute no impediment to marriace. In this country United States, in many States marriage is by statute forbidden between whites and negroes or Indians" '.

(c) "■ Alcntal capacity. An inteUigent consent is essential to a vahd marriage. Hence an idiot or lunaticcannot contrail marriage. So of otherpersons who have not the capacity to understand the duties and obhgations of the relation. The test usually apphed in the courts is that of fitness for the general transa6tions of hfe... Marriage contra(Sted during teniporary insanity is void; but marriage contraded during a lucid interval is vahd; except when provided, as in England and in some of our States, by statute, that it is void during an unrevoked commission of lunacy. Drunkenness does not incapacitate, unless so great that the party does not know what he is about. Deaf and dunib persons, formerly classed as idiots, may now, it is held, contradt a vahd marriage "^

(d) ^^ Physical capacity. Where impotence exists there can be no vahd marriage. But impotence means physical incapacity; not mere coldness, relu6tance or unwilhngness, or even absolute refusal to consent to sexual conne6tion. Barrenness constitutes no incapacity, nor does any malformation not preventing copulation, norany curable disabihty. The impotency must have existed at the time of the marriage " 3.

(e) ^^ Age. The common law fixes an age of consent for a vahd marriage at 14 in males and 12 in females... A marriage, either party to which was under the age of consent, may be ratified, on arrivingat that age, by consent imphed from continued intercourse or shght circumstances. Consent of parents is not necessary to the marriage of minors. In some States such marriages are forbidden without being declared void, and penalties are denounced for celebrating or contra6ting them '"*.

(f) Prior marriage. Polygamy or bigamy is denounced as a crime by all christian communities... At common law the subsequent marriage is void ab initio, but statutes have relaxed this rule by declaring that such marriages shall be void only from the time when so pronounced by the decree of a competent court"^

(g) " Force or Fraud. Kent says " a marriage procured by force or fraud is void ab initio, and may be treated as void by every court in which its vahdity may be incidentally drawn in question ". So says Schouler. But this has recently been denied, and it has been held that such a marriage can only be avoided by the person defrauded, in his hfetime. Statutes have changed the rule in some

DE LEGE GtVILI QUOAD MATRIMONIUM. 707

States, and attached the invalidity of the time of a decree of nullity

Force implies physical restraint; fraud imph'es deception. The general rule is that the force must be such as would naturally serve to overcome the will. The question of the amount of force depends upon circumstances ... A marriage procured by illegal arrest may be avoided, and so v/nere the arrest was legal but maHcious. But when a man under legal arrest for sedu6lion relu6tantly marries the woman the marriage will not be set aside.

The fraud which will avoid a marriage must go to the essence of the contra6t... So fraudulent representations by one party as to birth, age, social position, fortune, health, manners, or chara6ler will not suffice ... A false personation would undoubtedly avoid the marriage " '.

Ill.Praecipuse leges civiles de Matrimonio in Gallia-.

  1. 1° De Sponsalibus. Codex civilis de sponsalibus tacet, et jurisperiti tenent promissiones futuri matrimonii vim obligatoriam non habere. " Neanmoins les tribunaux condamnent tous les jours a des dommages et interets celui des fiances qui manque a sa promesse sans motifs legitimes : le juge apprecie souverainement la legitimite du motif. Les dommages et interets sont alloues par application de Tart. 1392. La promesse de mariage est nulle sans doute. Mais celui des fiances qui, apres avoir fait une semblable promesse, se retire capricieusement, se rend coupable d'un delit civil ou d'un quasi-delit : d'un delit civil, s'il y a dol de sa part, d'un quasi-delit, s'il y a seulement etourderie; il doit etre condamne a reparerle prejudice materiel ou meme moral dont il est 1'auteur. Le prejudice materiel consistera dans les depenses faites par le fiance delaisse eii vue de la conclusion du mariage; le prejudice moral, dans 1'atteinte portee a sa reputation " 3.

  2. 2° De celebratione matrimonii. (A)Ante matrimonium,/v7;/;/(^z promulgari debent : (a) ** Avant la celebration du mariage, l'officier de Tetat civil fera une publication par voie d'affiche apposee a la porte de la maison commune. Cette publication enoncera les prenoms, noms, professions, domiciles et residence des futurs epoux, leur qualit^ de majeurs ou de mineurs, et les prenoms, noms, professions et domiciles de leurs peres et m^res. EUe enoncera, en outre, les jours, lieux et heures ou elle a ete faite : Elle sera inscrite sur un seul registre, cote et paraphe comme il est dit en rarticle^i,

""Carrilre, II, n. 936-1026; Theol. Claromont. n. 325-335; Gasparri, n. 1211-1220; Allegrc, Code civil commentc, (f cd., Paris, 1897, ^ p. 74-82; Baudry-Lacantincric, Precis de Droit Civil, 7« lidit., Paris, 1899, t- I»n- 483-936.

et depose a la fin de chaque annee, au greffe du tribunal de rarrondissement " '.

(b) " L'affiche pr^vue en Tarticle precedent restera apposee h la porte de la maison commune pendant dix jours, lesquels devront comprendre deux dimanches. Le mariage ne pourra etre celebre avant le dixieme jour depuis et non compris celui de la publication ' ".

(c) " Si le mariage n'a pas ete celebre dans Tannee, a compter de Texpiration du d^lai de la publication, il ne pourra plus etre celebre qu'apres une nouvelle publication faite dans la forme ci-dessus ^.

1 121. ( B) Quoad 1 psam matrimonii celebraHonem : (a) " Le mariage sera celebre publiquement devant Tofficier de Tetat civil de la commune ou Tun des epoux aura son domicile ou sa residence a la date de la publication prevue par Tart. 63, et, en cas de dispense de publication, a la date de la dispense prevue a Tart. 169 ci-apres \

(b) " Le mariage sera celebre dans la commune ou Tun des deux ^poux aura son domicile, ou sa residence etablie par un mois au moins d'habitation continue a la date de la pubhcation prevue par laloi'*".

(c) " Le jour designe par les parties apres les delais des pubhcations, 1'officier de Petat civil, dans la maison commune, en presence de qiiatre temoins, parents ou non parents, fera lecSlure aux parties des pieces ci-dessus mentionnees, relatives a leur etat et aux formah'tes du mariage, et du ch. VI du titre du Mariage sur les droits et les devoirs respeHifs des epoux. II recevra de chaque partie, Tune apres 1'autre, la declaration qu'elles veulent se prendre pour mari et femme; il prononcera, au nom de la loi, qu'elles sont unies par le mariage, et il en dressera a6te sur le champ"^

(d) " On enoncera, dans Ta^le de mariage : 1° les prenoms, iioms, professions, age, lieux de naissance et domicile des epoux; ~ 2° s'ils sont majeurs ou mineurs; — ^''les prenoms, noms, professions et domiciles des peres et meres ; — 4° le consentement des peres et raeres, aieuls et aieules, et celui du Conseil de famille, dans les cas ou ils sont requis; — 5° la notification prescrite par Tarticle 151, s'il en a ete fait; — 6° les oppositions, s'il y en a eu; leur main levee, ou la mention qu'i] n'y a point eu d'opposition; — ^Ma declaration des contra6tants de se prendre pour epoux, et le prononce de leur union par Tofficier public; — 8° les prenoms, noms, age, professions et domiciles des temoins, et leur declaration, s'ils sont parents ou allies des parties, de quel cote et a quel degre; — 9° la declaration faite sur 1'interpellation prescrite par 1'article precedent qu'il a ete ou qu'il n'a pas ete fait de contrat de mariage, et, autant que pos-

' Code civit, ait. 63. Nous donnons ici les corre(flions faites par la loi du 21 juin 1907.

sible, la date du contrat, s'il existe, ainsi que les noms et lieu de residence du notaire qui Taura regu; le tout a peine contrePofficier de 1'amende fixee par 1'art. 50. — II sera fait mention de la celebration du mariage en marge de Ta^te de naissance des epoux ' ".

(e) " Le mariage contra6te en pays eiranger entre Frangais, et entre Fran^ais et etrangers, sera valable, s'il a ete celebre dans les formes usitees dans le pays, pourvu qu'il ait et^ precede de la publication prescrite par Tarticle 63, au titre des AHes de 1'etat civil, et que le Frangais n'ait point contrevenu aux dispositions contenues au chapitre precedent. — II en sera de meme du mariage contra(5le en pays etranger entre un Frangais et une etrangere, s'il a ete celebre par les agents diplomatiques ou par les consuls de France, conformement aux lois frangaises. — Dans les trois mois apres le retour du Frangais sur le territoire de la Rdpublique, Pade de celebration du mariage contra6le en pays etranger sera transcrit sur le registre public des mariages du lieu de son domicile"^

(f) Haecetiam a sacerdotidiis noteniux : "Tout ministre d'un culte qui procedera aux ceremonies religieuses d'un mariage sans qu'il lui ait et^ justifie d'un afte de mariage prealablement regu par les officiers de Petat civil, sera, pour la premi^re fois, puni d'une amende de 16 francs a 100 francs. — En cas de nouvelles contraventions de Tespece exprime en 1'article precedent, le ministre du culte qui les aura commises sera puni, savoir : pour la premiere recidive, d'un emprisonnement de deux a cinq ans; et pour la seconde, de la detention"3.

  1. 3° De mutuis juribus et officiis conjugum. (a) " Les epoux se doivent mutuellement y^V^///^, secours, assistance. — Le mari doit protedlion a la femme; la femme, obuissance a son mari. — La ^emme est obligee d'habiter avec le mari, et de le suivre partout ou :l juge kpropos d"; resider : le mari est oblige de la recevoir, et de iui fournir tout ce qui est necessaire pour les besoins de la vie, selon ses facultes et son etat " ''.

1123, 4^ De impedimentis matrimc;.i^ (A) Aetas : " L'homnie avant dix-huit ans revolus, la femme avant quinze ans revolus ne peuvent contvader mariage. — Neanmoins il est loisible au President de la

*Art. 170-171. — Controvertitur inter jurisperitos utruni matrimonium initum absque hujusmodi condilionibus sit validum vel non; cff. Baud. Lac. n. 555-557.

^ Code civil, art. 212-214. — Lf: sccours dont il est question, consiste dans la prestation en nature ou en argent des choses necessaires \ la vie. L'obligation de payer une pcnsion alimentaire s'impose, h. la cessation de la vie commune, lorsque Tun des deux epoux est sans ressources, — quand le niari refuse de recevoir sa femme au domicile conjugal,

R^publique d'accorder des dispenses dTige pour des motifs graves"'. — La cause la plus frequemment invoquee est la grossesse de la femme : tnalitia sicpplevit (Etateni.

(B) Defenus consensus. (a) II n'y a point de mariage lorsqu'il n'y a point de consentement " -.

(b) Jamvero et-ror circa personani consensum invalidat : " Lorsqu'il y a eu erreur dans la personne, le mariage ne peut etre attaque que par celui des deux epoux qui a ^te induit en erreur. — Dans le cas de 1'article precedent, la demande en nullite n'esl plus recevable, toutes les fois qu'il y a eu cohabitation continuee pendant six mois depuis que 1'epoux a acquis sa pleine liberte, ou que Terreur a ete par lui reconnue " 3.

(c) Pariter amentia perpetua., vi art. 489 : " Le majeur qui est dans un etat habituel d'imbecillite, de demence ou de fureur, doit etre interdit, meme lorsque cet etat presente des intervalles lucides ".

(d) Necnon vis et nietus: " Ainsi un jeune homme surpris en fiagrant delit avec une jeune fiUe promet de Pepouser, et Tepouse en effet, sous rinfluence d'une menace de mort qui lui est faite par le pere de la jeune fille. L'epoux violente pourra demander la nullite du mariage". — " Le rapt n'est plus aujourd'hui comme autrefois un empechement dirimant de mariage. Seulement la personne ravie peut faire prononcer la nullite du mariage qu'elle aurait contra6le avec son ravisseur, si elle parvient a demontrer que son consentement n'a pas ete libre " \

(e) Ligamen : " On ne peut contra6ler un second mariage avant la dissolution du premier". — "Le mariage se dissout : 1° par la mort de Tun des deux epoux ; 2° par le divorce legalement prononce". — " La femme ne peut contra6ter un nouveau mariage qu'apres 300 jours revolus depuis la dissolution du mariage precedent ". — " La femme divorcee pourra se remarier aussitot apres la transcription du jugement ou de Farret ayant prononce le divorce, si toutefois il s'est deja ecoule 300 jours depuis qu'est intervenue, dans rinstance qui aura abouti au divorce, Tordonnance qui a autorise Tepoux demandeur a avoir une residence separee ".

(L. 9 aoCit 1919). 1124. (C) Defectus consensiis parentum : (a) " Le fils et la fille qui n'ont pas atteint Tage de vingt-un ans accomplis, ne peuvent con-

— quand le mari force sa femme a quitter le domicile conjugal par les mauvais traitements qu'il lui fait subir. Cfr. Baud. Lac. n. 715-716.

5 Codecivil., art. 147, 227, 228, 296. — Ligamen est quidem Impcdimentum dirimens, sed prohibitio nubendi ante decem menses a dissolutione prioris matrimonii est solum impediens. — Insuper bigamia gravibus poenis plectitur. {Code pinal^ art. 340).

DE LEGE CIVILI QUOAD MATRIMONIUM. 711 tradter mariage sans le consentement de leurs p^re et mere. En cas de dissentiment, le consentement du pere suffit. — Si l'un des deux est mort, ou s'il est dans rimpossibilite de manifester sa volonte, le consentement de Tautre suffit. — Si le pere et la mere sont morts, ou s'ils sont dans 1'impossibilite de manifester leur volonte, les aieuls et aieules les remplacent. S'il y a dissentiment entre les deux lignes, ce partage emportera consentement " '.

(b) " Les enfants ayant atteint Tage de vingt et un an revolus et jusqu'a Tage de trente ans revolus sont tenus de justifier du consentement de leurs pere et mere. A defaut de ce consentement, l'interesse fera notifier. dans les formes prevues en Tarticle 154, Tunion projetee a ses pere et mere ou a celui des deux dont le consentement n'a pas ete obtenu. Trente jours francs apres justification de cette notification, il sera passe outre a la celebration du mariage ' ".

(c) " S'il y a dissentiment entre des parents divorces ou separes de corps, leconsentement de celui des deux epoux au profit duquel le divorce ou la separation aura ete prononce et qui aura obtenu la garde de l'enfant, suffira. Faute de reunir ces deux conditions, celui des pere et mere qui consentira au mariage pourra citer 1'autre devant le Tribunal de premiere instance siegeant en Chambre du Conseil; le Tribunal competent sera ceiui de la personne qui a la garde de Tenfant ; il statuera en audience publique et en dernier ressort » ".

" L'enfant naturel qui n'a point ^te reconnu, et celui qui, apr^s 1'avoir ^te, a perdu ses p^re et m^re, ou dont les p6re et m^re ne peuvent manifester leur volont^, ne pourront avant Tage de vingtun ans revolus, se marier qu'apres avoir obtenu le consentement du Conseil de famille"'.

(f) ** S'il n'y a ni pere ni mere, ni aieuls ni aieules, ou s'ils se trouvent tous dans Timpossibilite de manifester leur volonte, les fils ou filles mineures de vingt et un ans ne peuvent contracfter mariage sans le consentementdu Conseil de famille ". — Le mineur de 21 ans qui ignorerait le lieu du deces ou du domicile de ceux de ses ascendants dont le consentement est requis pour son mariage, pretera serment que le lieu du deces ou celui du dernier domicile de ses ascendants lui sont inconnus"^

  1. (D) Cognatio et affinitas : (a) " En ligne dire^e, le mariage est prohibe entre tous les ascendants et descendants legitimes ou naturels, et les allies dans la meme ligne"^.

(b) " En ligne collaterale^ le mariage cst prohib^ entre le frere et la soeur legitimes ou naturels. II est prohibe entre les allies au meme degre lorsque le mariage qui produisait ralliance a ete dissous par le divorce (L. i^'' juil. 1914) — Le mariage est encore prohibe entre Foncle et la niece, la tante et le neveu. — Neanmoins il est loisible au President de la Republique de lever, pour des causes graves, les prohibitions portees par Tarticle 162 aux mariages entre beaux-freres et belles-soeurs, et par Tarticle 163 aux mariages entre Toncle et la niece, la tante et le neveu " 4.

(c) " Le mariage est prohibe : entre Tadoptant, Tadopte et ses descendants; entre les enfants adoptifs du meme individu; entre Tadopte et les enfants qui pourraient survenir a Tadoptant; entre Tadopte et le conjoint de Tadoptant, et reciproquement entre l'adoptant et le conjoint de radopte"5.

(E) Defectus legalis soleinnitatis : (a) " La declaration des parties qui constate leur consentement libre et volontaire; et celle de Tofficier de Petat civil, qui prononce au nom de la loi, que Tunion conjugale est formee, sont des formalites substantielles sans raccomplisment desquelles il ne saurait y avoir de mariage"^

3 Art. 161. — Lalliance ne cesse pas par le deces du conjoint qui l'a produite.

*Art. 162-164. — Lajurisprudenceadmet de plusen plusqv.erart. 163 s'oppose aussi au mariage entre le grand-oncle et la petite-ni^ce, la grand'tante et le petit neveu. Cfr. Baud. Lac. n., 523. Mais la Cour de Cassation juge que le mariage est permis entre un oncle et sa ni^ce /laturelle, de meme qu'entre une tante et son neveu naturel,

DE LEGE GIYILl QUOAD MATRIMONIUM. 713

(b) " Tout mariage qui n'a point ete contra6ld publiqicement, et qui n'a pas ete celebre devant rofficier puhlic conipetent^ peut etre attaque par les epoux eux-memes, par les pere et mere, par les ascendants, et par tous ceux qui ont un interet ne et a6tuel, ainsi quc par le ministere public "'.

  1. Exinde sequitur nonnulla esse impedimenta canonica quce alege civili non agnoscuntur; qualia sunt inipotentia, cognatio spititualisjionestas pubiica, disparitas cultus^ votuni^ ordo~, crinien, raptus, clandestinitas. Attamen si inipotentia talis est ut sexus personae determinari nequeat, matrimonium ut nullum declarari potest. Pariter si persona rapta probare potest ipsius consensum 77 a raptore extortum fuisse, irritatur matrimonium. Alia autem quce admittuntur, non eodem modo intelliguntur a lege civili ac lege canonica; aliunde sunt impedimenta civilia, ut consensus parentuni, quce Ecclesia ut dirimentia non habet. Ad quod attendere debent sacerdotes, ne facile matrimonium contrahatur in foro civiH vahdurrj et in ecclesiastico invahdum, aut vice versa.

  2. ^'' De divortio pleno. (A) Des causes du divorce : (a) " Le mari pourra demander le divorce pour cause d'adultere de sa femme. — La femme pourrademander le divorce pour cause d'adultere de son mari"3.

(b) " Les epoux pourront reciproquement demander le divorce pour exces, sevices ou injures graves de Tun d'eux envers rautre"^

(c) " La condamnation de l'un des epoux a une peine affli^live et infamante sera pour Tautre epoux une cause de divorce"^.

(d) " Lorsque la separation de corps aura dure trois ans, le jugement pourra etre converti en jugement de divorce sur la demande formee par Tun des epoux"^

' Art. 191. — " Toute contravention aux regles sur la publicite ne rend pas necessairement le mariage nul comme clandestin. Le juge a ici un pouvoir d'appreciation qui ne lui appartient pas pour les autres causes de nullitd ". {Baud. Lac^ n. 627). — " L'incompetence de Tofficier de l'etat civil qui a celebre un mariage n'en entraine pas necessairenioit la nullitd... Le juge est investi d'un pouvoir discretionnaire pour apprecier la gravite de la violation soit des r^gles de la competence, soit des r^gles de la publicite". {Baud. Lac, n. 630).

^ Le 26 fevrier 1878, la Cour de Cassation avait juge que la pretrise est un empechement dirimant de mariage; un arret de la meme Cour, en date du 25 janv. 1888, a rendu une decision contraire. Cfr. Baud. Lac.y n. 529.

^» Art. 231. — Par excls il faut entendre les attentats portes par un dpoux k la vie de son conjoint ou les a(fles mettant en danger la vie de celui-ci. Par injures graves on n'entend que celles qui sont Texprcs sion manifeste d'un sentiment mauvais, reflechi et permanent.

(B) \j2, procedure du divorce est clairement indiqu^e dans les articles 234-252; les effets dans les arlicles 295-304. Est abroge Tarticle 298, qui etablit une sorte d'empechement dirimant : Dans le casde divorce admis en justice pour cause d'adulttTe, 1'epoux <r<77//>able ne pourra jamais se marier avec son coniplice'\

  1. 6° De divortio semi-pleno. (a) " Dans le cas ou il y a lieu a la demande en divorce, il sera libre aux epouxdeformerunedemande en s^paration de corps"'.

(b) " La separation de corps emporte toujours la separation de biens. Elle a en outre pour effet de rendre a la femme le plein exercice de sa capacite civile, sans qu'elle ait besoin de recourir a Tautorisation de son mari ou de justice"^

IV. Praeclpuae leges civiles italicae de Matrimonio.

  1. 1° De sponsalibus. (a) " La promessa scambievole di futuro matrimonio non produce obbligazione legale di contrarlo, ne di eseguire cio che si fosse convenuto pel caso di non adempimento della medesima. — (b) Se la promessa fu fatta per atto pubblico o per iscrittura privata da chi sia maggiore d'eta, o dal minore autorizzato dalle persone il concorso delle quali ^ necessario per la celebrazione del matrimonio, oppure constadalle pubblicazioniordinate dairuffiziale dello stato civile, il promettente che ricusi di eseguirla senza giusto motivo, h obbligato a risarcire 1'altra parte delle spese fatte per causa del promesso matrimonio. La domanda pero non e piii ammissibile dopo un anno dal giorno in cui la promessa doveva essere eseguita"3.

  2. 2° De celebratione matrimonii. (a) " La celebrazione del matrimonio deve essere proceduta da due pubblicazioni da farsi per cura deiruffiziale dello stato civile. — Le pubbhcazioni devono essere fatte nel comune in cui ciascuno degli sposi ha la sua residenza. Se la residenza attuale duri da meno di un anno, le pubblicazioni devono pur farsi nel comune della residenza precedente. Le pubblicazioni si fanno alla porta della casa comunale in due domeniche successive. L'atto restera affisso nell' intervallo tra l'una e 1'altra pubbhcazione, e per tre giorni successivi. — II matrimonio non puo essere celebrato prima del quarto giorno dall' ultima pubblicazione. — Le pubblicazioni si considerano come non avvenute, se il matrimonio non e celebrato nel termine dei cento ottanta giorni successivi "''.

' (b) "II matrimonio deve essere celebrato nella casa comunale e pubblicamente innanzi alP uffiziale dello stato civile del comune, ove uno degli sposi abbia.il domicilio o la residenza. — Nel giorno indi-

' Art. 306. — ^ Art. 31 1. L. du 6 fevr. 1893 completant cet article. 3 Cod. civile, art. 53-54. — ■* Art. 70-72, 76-77.

catodalle parti, V uffiziale dello stato civile alla presenzadi due testimoni, ancorche parenti, dara letturaagli sposi degli articoli 130, 131 e 132 di questo titolo; riceverh, da ciascuna delle parti personal mente, Tuno dopo V altra, la dicliiarazione che esse si vogliono ripettivamente prendere in marito e moglie, e di seguito pronunzierh, in nome della legge che sono unite in matrimonio. — La dichiarazione degH sposi di prendersi rispettivamente in marito e moghe non puo essere sottoposia ne a termme ne a condizione "\

(c) '* 11 matrimonio eseguito in paese estero tra cittadini, o tra un cittadino ed uno straniero e vahdo, purche sia celebrato seconde le forme stabiHte in quel paese, e il cittadino non abbia contravvenutc alle disposizioni contenute nella sezione seconda del capo primo di questo titolo. Le pubblicazioni devono anche farsi nel regno a norma degli articoli 70 e 7 1. Se lo sposo cittadino non ha residenza nel regno, le pubbHcazioni si faranno nel comune deU' ultimodomicilio. — II cittadino che ha contratto matrimonio in paese estero, deve, nei tre mesi dal suo ritorno nel regno, farlo inscrivere nei registri deHo stato civile del comune dove avra fissata la sua residenza, sotto pena di una multa estendibile a Hre cento"^

Chapter 24 of 73